Simulation Model of a Waste Loop Based on The Closed Loop Logistics Method for Food Waste Management in The Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) Program in Bandung City

Abstract

Food waste generated by Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal (Makan Bergizi Gratis [MBG]) Program presents an environmental and logistical challenge, particularly in urban areas with limited waste-processing capacity. This study aimed to formulate a Waste Loop model based on closed-loop logistics for managing food waste generated by Nutrition Fulfillment Service Units (Satuan Pelayanan Pemenuhan Gizi [SPPGs]) in Bandung City. A qualitative approach supported by empirical measurements and a field perception survey was employed. Organic waste generation was measured over five consecutive working days at three purposively selected SPPGs. Questionnaires were administered to 77 operational personnel, while interviews and observations were conducted to identify workflow processes, infrastructure constraints, and institutional readiness.The three SPPGs generated 940.07 kg of organic waste, with an average generation rate of 188.01 kg per day. Plate waste accounted for 64.92% of total organic waste, while food preparation residues accounted for 35.08%; vegetables represented the largest waste component. Respondents identified limited processing facilities and the absence of reverse logistics procedures as major barriers, despite strong support for circular waste management practices. The resulting causal loop diagram connected organic waste management with black soldier fly larvae bioconversion through two reinforcing pathways: vegetable cultivation using larval residue and poultry production using larval biomass. The proposed model provides a conceptual basis for reducing landfill disposal, recovering resource value, and strengthening circular food supply chain resilience within the MBG Program.