Knowledge Management Strategy of Advance Manufacturing Study Case in Automotive Component Industry

: Advanced manufacturing enterprises are typically have implemented automation and digital technology, Just in Time production and system, and advanced product development. But all those advanced manufacturing implementations did not instantly give result as expected, because people within enterprise was not ready as important actors. Effective knowledge management strategy was needed to face this constraint. This research was show us the priority strategy of knowledge management at a manufacturing enterprise in which has implemented advanced manufacturing. This research involved 4 internal experts to formulate knowledge management strategy and then decide the most priority one. APO knowledge management assessment tool was used combined with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). There were 4 alternatives of knowledge management strategy as the result, i.e (1) integrating knowledge management with performance management, (2) optimize information technology to support knowledge management process, (3) develop community of practice trough expert track career path, and (4) Implement learning review during project. The by using AHP, integrating knowledge management with performance management was decided as first priority strategy.


INTRODUCTION
Industry 4.0 technologies is hopefully can increase competitiveness level of Indonesian manufacturing industry in global competition by increasing efficiency of production process and quality of its products (Indonesian Industrial Ministry, 2018).Industry 4.0 has replaced traditional manufacturing architecture and brought advancement in digital technology and (Telukdarie et al. 2018).
Enterprise which implements advanced manufacturing principle has character that able to produce variated product at huge volume with efficiency and flexibility (Ann Keller et al., 2012).This challenge will be answered by the use of technology.But Implementation of automation and digital technology for production system cannot instantly improve productivity (Horvat et al., 2019), because some adaptations are needed during this change.Some problem occurred during advanced

Table 1. Factors Contributes to Manufacturing Downtime
Source: Internal Enterprise Data (2023) Knowledge management is a solution for some enterprises to adapt to technology change (Sánchez Ramírez et al., 2022).Knowledge management can support competency development and organization learning (Oztemel & Gursev, 2020).In high competition era, effective knowledge management is needed to support enterprise sustainability (Djajasoedarma, 2020).
This study was an advancement of several previous types of research with some differences in methods and objects of research.(Djajasoedarma, 2020) researched knowledge management by using APO assessment tools at an agricultural enterprise in Indonesia by involving 100 respondence to fill questionary.The result was knowledge management maturity level and continued by using in-depth interview to find more detail of the 7 APO assessment categories and resulting some recommendation to improve knowledge management.(Perez-Soltero et al., 2023) had the same research but focused on construction industry.
(Phan et al., 2019) has developed a knowledge management model by using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP).They involved 10 experts to get priority of 8 factors to develop knowledge management in an university in Vietnam.(Oktari et al., 2023) researched knowledge management for managing disaster and COVID 19 pandemic in Indonesia.They used SWOT tools to define strategy and then prioritized it by using Analytic Network Process (ANP) that 20 experts were invloved.
Previous research was done in agriculture and construction industry.This study aims to find knowledge management strategies in Automotive Component Industry manufacturing firms that were implementing advanced manufacturing.APO assessment tools were used to identify maturity level and find strategies of knowledge management, but to prioritize the strategies were not defined yet.This research aimed to prioritize knowledge management strategy by combining APO assessment tools and its framework with analytical hierarchy process (AHP).

Literature Review Advance Manufacturing
Advanced manufacturing has 4 pillars i.e (1) Automation, (2) Product development, (3) Just in Time (JIT) production system, and (4) People Development (Fawcett & Myers, 2001).Advanced manufacturing enterprises are supported by automation technology that help them at production and administration process.
Those technology are included robotic technology, smart machine, and AGV.AGV (Automatic Guided Vehicle) is material handling system which is not controlled by human and use for material supply transportation to support logistic flexibility (Yao et al., 2020).
Advanced manufacturing enterprises must be advanced in product development to win the competition and ensure their business sustainability.Market conditions are demanding a shorter product life cycle and must be replace by new product to win market competition with lower development cost (Morgan James & Liker Jeffrey, 2006).Manufacturing enterprise must implement Just in Time (JIT) production system to increase efficiency and reduce waste by receive goods only when They need so that can reduce inventory cost.
Just in time is philosophy to produce and deliver product on the time They want to sell and buy material on the time when They want to process it to be finished good (Schonberger, 1982).Just in time implementation can support production flexibility (Phan et al., 2019) and creators of knowledge who have intellectual capital.Knowledge will not be an organization's asset without active involvement of people.Process is the flow of how organization works.Effective and systematic business processes can contribute to increasing productivity, quality, profitability, social value and sustainability.
Knowledge process is a process that refers to knowledge development and its conversion.There are 5 processes of knowledge including identify, create, store, share and apply.These knowledge processes are dynamically interconnected and have relationships with each other as integrated process.APO knowledge management framework is shown at Figure 1.
APO knowledge management framework provides assessment tools that can be used to identify condition knowledge management within organization.This assessment includes 4 accelerators, knowledge process, learning and innovation and outcomes.Total score of assessment result can show us the maturity level of knowledge management implementation.The low score of assessments can help to define some strategies to develop knowledge management.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was started using APO assessment tools questionnaire filled by 4 experts from internal organization.The result was a maturity level of knowledge management.Each question then was discussed by using FGD with those 4 experts and resulted in weakness and opportunity to be developed as some alternative of knowledge management strategy.
Next step was FGD to design hierarchy of AHP.It contained APO framework which is accelerators and knowledge process as first and second level of its hierarchy.Then advanced manufacturing pillar was as third hierarchy, and the last one was alternative of knowledge management strategies as fourth hierarchy.By using questionaries, all 4 experts determined the importance level for each hierarchy level to be calculated by using AHP.Knowledge management leadership had low score because this enterprise had not organization structure for managing knowledge like as knowledge officer or Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO).There was not reward and recognition for knowledge sharing, knowledge creation and innovation were a fact that knowledge management leadership must be improved.
People was another factor which has low score.There was not systematic induction for new employees to Ayyasy Az Zurqi, Arif Imam Suroso, Asep Taryana | 2026 introduce knowledge management and its tools like as LMS (Learning Management System).There was no culture of organization to share knowledge among employees, which also contributed to this factor.The third lower factor was knowledge process.There was not a systematic process to identify, create, share and apply the knowledge.Enterprise did not facilitate a comparative study and sharing session about best practice.

Knowledge Management Alternative Strategies
There were 42 questions of 7 factors on APO assessment tools.The lower score which has score under 2.5 then was sorted to be consideration for FGD.Based data shown on Table 2, then an FGD with 4 experts was conducted and resulted 4 alternatives knowledge management strategy as the result, i.e (1) integrating knowledge management with performance management, (2) optimize information technology to support knowledge management process, (3) develop community of practice trough expert track career path, and (4) Implement learning review on project.

Table 2. APO Assesment Result
Performance management is activities which is started from performance planning, monitoring, scoring the performance and then followed by giving reward and punishment (Muh, 2017).Giving reward Automotive Component Industry was aligned with APO assessment result that show the lack of reward and promotion to employee to sharing their knowledge.Reward is one of key factor for knowledge sharing behavior (Jahani et al., 2011).Performance management can support knowledge management by making performance plan that will state knowledge management process for each employee.The plan will be approved by related management and the realization will be monitored by employee and management.The final result will be scored and awarded on annual incentive.Another way, employee can be awarded by announcing in company website or recognition letter that will be given at special event.
Technology was factor which overall had high score from this assessment, because enterprise has adequate information technology infrastructure.But this infrastructure was still not optimized to support knowledge management process.Enterprise has to continually develop knowledge base such as LMS (Learning Management System), repository and Wikipedia.Consistency and management support to develop knowledge base should be focused, including good change management to cultivate the use of knowledge base.
Community of practice is a group of employees who have focus and interesting to do something, and always learn how to do better trough routine interaction within group (Young, 2010).Develop community of practice would be alternative of knowledge management strategy trough expert track career path that was established in this company for 2 years ago.Expertise area in this enterprise was including product engineering, process engineering, software engineering and industrial engineering.By integrating community of practice with expert track, it hopefully can accelerate knowledge development.
Cross functional team was involved in every project and problem solving.Lack of stimulation to share knowledge that got from project impacted to best practice and lesson learned which were not well documented.Learning review will convert tacit knowledge and then stored into lesson learned document to be explicit knowledge.This document will be stored on information system which is under development (web repository).

Analysis of Hierarchy
Trough FGD with experts, it has been composed 5 levels of hierarchy which have relationship each other.These 5 levels were (1) Focus or Goal, (2) Knowledge accelerator (3) Knowledge Process, (4) Objective of Knowledge Management, and (5) Alternative Strategies.'Focus or Goal' on this research was knowledge management strategy.Based on APO knowledge management framework, 'Knowledge accelerator' consist of KM leadership, Information technology, process and people.
'Knowledge management process' were identify, create, store, share and apply.
'Objective' of knowledge management in advanced manufacturing were increase capability of product development, capability of production system, capability of automation and digitalization and capability to be good operational management.These objectives were adopted from advanced manufacturing Ayyasy Az Zurqi, Arif Imam Suroso, Asep Taryana | 2028 pillar that consist of (1) Automation, (2) Product development, (3) Just in Time (JIT) production system, and (4) People Development (Fawcett & Myers, 2001).
'Alternative Strategies' were (1) integrating knowledge management with performance management, (2) optimize information technology to support knowledge management process, (3) develop community of practice trough expert track career path, and (4) Implement learning review during project.Figure 4 show the hierarchy for every level.

Figure 4. Hierarchy of AHP Analysis of Priority Strategy
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to decide priority of knowledge management strategy based on knowledge accelerator, knowledge process and knowledge management objective.Based on AHP questionary which has filled by expert and calculated by Microsoft Excel, Knowledge Management Leadership and People was first and second priority accelerator to develop knowledge management.The important role of top management level is very important for managing knowledge.Top management have to be an initiator who promote learning process, sharing and creating knowledge, and innovation.Transformation leadership must be implemented by management of enterprise to lead knowledge management development (Analoui et al., 2012).People was also important factor to create culture for implementing knowledge management process.These two accelerators had relationship each other.Culture will be easily shaped in organization if top level managements give support and being role model for all employee.Organization culture was based on behavior of organization leader.This priority analysis was aligned with knowledge management assessment result, that leadership and people was the lowest score.Otherwise, technology and process were the third and fourth priority level because assessment result show that both factors was already had high score.This enterprise had good information technology process and business process.Priority level of knowledge management accelerator was shown on Table 3. Automotive Component Industry

Table 3 Priority Level of Knowledge Management
First priority knowledge management process was knowledge sharing and storing.This was caused by insufficient employee capability.Knowledge which was owned by senior employee was not properly shared to new employee, either tacit or explicit knowledge.There was not enough sharing session that was supported by management.Explicit knowledge was not stored in enterprise archives because there was not a support and encouragement from management to do this knowledge management process.Information technologies like as knowledge portal or repository was not optimally utilized to store and share knowledge.The third and fourth priority level of knowledge management process was 'create' and 'apply'.Creating knowledge was not priority because product development, automation and digitalization and production system was using existing technology which was provided by third party.Applying knowledge was not priority because it will be optimum if store and share knowledge has been optimally done within enterprise.Table 4. shown the priority level of knowledge management process.

Table 4. Priority Level of Knowledge Management Process
Increasing capability to develop product was the first priority objective of knowledge management strategy.Based on In-depth interview with top level management, product development was a key success of enterprise to grow and sustain.Figure 5 show automotive manufacturing growth which was slowing down in every year.This condition was demanding to a business diversification which was challenging enterprise to produce non-automotive product.

| 2030 Figure 5. Indonesia Automotive Industry Growth
Source : BPS Good product development resulted high income, either revenue or profitability.High quality product, high economic value and efficiently manufactured were key performance indicator of product development (Dombrowski et al., 2013).Good product development resulted easiness on production process and automation process.Reliable product can minimize defect which will be customer unsatisfaction.
Good operational management will be key factors in development of production system, automation and digitalization.It will be key success of change management which can be accelerate to achieve the goals of all those developments.Tabel 5 show priority of knowledge management objective.
Based on AHP, integrating knowledge management with performance management was first priority of knowledge management strategy.Tools which were usually used for performance management was Individual Performance Plan.The plan will be approved by related management and the realization will be monitored by employee and management.The final result will be scored and awarded on annual incentive.By using this performance management tools, all activity related to knowledge management will be awarded as it was planned by every employee.

Tabel 5. Priority of KM Objective
The second priority was Implement learning review on project.There were many projects in enterprise, such as product development project, Automation development project, Digitalization and IT project, and others Automotive Component Industry project related to environment, healthy and work safety.Based on Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), managing knowledge is part of project management process.Managing knowledge must be regularly done during project lifecycle.Learning review must be conducted in every stage of project, so it can ensure that all knowledge, experience and skill of project team member and stakeholder can be used for current running project or other projects on the future.
Third priority of knowledge management strategy was optimizing information technology to support knowledge management process.Enterprise has good information technology facility and infrastructure, but it had not been optimized by employee.The use of Microsoft office 365 which has feature to sharing knowledge and collaboration had not been optimized by because They have not been trained to use these features.Intranet and internet facilities also provided so they must be optimized to develop Learning Management System (LMS) and Knowledge Portal.
These three strategies have strong correlation.Information technology can support learning review to be conducted by online, that will result effectiveness and efficiency.Learning review can be documented in to reporting format, image, audio and video into knowledge portal, so that all employee can access it asynchronously.
To encourage employee conduct learning review will need proper performance management to motivate them.
Fourth priority was developing community of practice.Community of practice can be developed spontaneously or planned by organization (Young, 2020).Community of practice at this enterprise can be planned by organization by expert track.Expert track was career path which organize employees which have special and deep competency and skills, such as product engineer and process engineer.Expert track was also managed by performance management tools.Community of practice trough expert track career path hopefully can increase knowledge creation and knowledge sharing which those knowledges will be stored in to knowledge portal.AHP result is shown in Figure 6.

CONCLUSION
Some implication was resulted from an FGD with experts to implement knowledge management.First, it was important to assess maturity level of knowledge management.APO assessment tool which was used in this research has assisted to give guidance to find some proper steps.Commitment from top level management was very important, especially for organization or enterprise which has low level of knowledge management maturity.Knowledge management was top-down policy and need role model from organization leader.Business strategy was needed to be considered to decide priority of knowledge management strategy, so that relevant programs can be focused to conduct.
Although the AHP resulted that knowledge sharing was the most priority, it was still important to implement all knowledge management process refer to SECI model which is including socialization, externalization, Figure 2. show the research framework.Automotive Component Industry RESULT AND DISCUSSION Knowledge Management Assessment Result APO assessment tools shown that enterprises now were at the initiative level.It means enterprise just considered the importance of knowledge management.There were 7 factors which have been assessed.Figure 3 show overall score of 7 factor APO assessment tools.

Figure 3
Figure 3 APO Assessment Result Technology was the strongest factor, showing that enterprise had facility and infrastructure of technology that can support knowledge process.The weak point came from Knowledge management leadership, Knowledge Process and People.Knowledge management leadership had low score because this enterprise had not organization structure for managing