JRSSEM 2021, Vol. 01, No. 5, 502 – 522
E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i5.41
ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE VULNERABILITY IN ORANGE
FARMING SYSTEM IN BATOLA
Umi Salawati 1
Gusti Rusmayadi 2*
Dewi Erika Adriani 3
1, 2, 3 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Indonesia
e-mail: usalawati@ulm.ac.id 1 , gustirusmayadi@ulm.ac.id 2 , dewierika@ulm.ac.id 3
*Correspondence: gustirusmayadi@ulm.ac.id 2
Submitted: 13 November 2021, Revised: 11 December 2021, Accepted: 14 December 2021
Abstract. The Siamese orange is a superior commodity because it has economic value and is
specific to the characteristics of the tidal swamp agroecosystems. Uncertainty triggered by natural
conditions and the market causes farmers to lose money, fail to harvest, and suffer, thus affecting
the sustainability of their farming business. The final result of the farmer's business describes the
magnitude of the Impact felt by the farmer and the farmer's ability to support the losses that can
be experienced. This assessment aims to have a comprehensive CVA (Climate Vulnerability
Assessment) for the primary commodities in 3 sub-districts in Batola (Carbon, Mandasatana, and
Marabahan) and translate the results of activities with recommendations for these various districts.
The research was conducted using survey methods, direct observations in the field, Focus Group
Discussions, and in-depth interviews with respondents, namely farmers, traders, as well as
community leaders and related agencies (Department of Food Crops and Horticulture (DTPH) and
District Agricultural Extension Center) totaling 100 people. The DTPH of Batola Regency also
collected secondary data. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. In the district of Cerbon
(type A), the highest choice is citrus, then seasonal and mixed crops. The major decisions in the
Mandastana sub-district (type B) are monoculture oranges, then seasonal crops, diverse crops, and
Galam forest plants. In the Marabahan sub-district (type C), apart from citrus, oil palm and rubber
have been developed as industrial support plants.
Keywords: CVA; Banjar siamese oranges; oil palm; lowland rice; vegetables
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 503
INTRODUCTION
For hundreds of years, oranges
cultivation in swamps has long been known
to local people, especially in South
Kalimantan. The development of tidal land
for agricultural land is faced with
biophysical constraints. The land is
marginal and very fragile/perishable. Tidal
swamp farming developed by Banjar
farmers in South Kalimantan has proven
sustainable and stable over a long period
(Qomariah et al., 2016). The success of
managing this land follows the rhythm of
nature or adapts to natural conditions and
considers social and economic aspects
(Abdurachman & Ananto, 2000).
Cultivation of Siamese oranges in
swamps can be done with a stretch system
(paddy field), but generally with a system
end (mound) or gradual surjan (system
dressing). Gradually, farmers make
supports in their paddy fields (Sudana,
2005). This system support is
recommended only for swamps with
mineral or peat soil types but also begins to
propagate into peatlands of various
thicknesses from shallow to medium. The
shape of the support is generally
rectangular, with a height of 60-75 cm and
a side width of between 2-3 meters.
Spacing between plants in rows 4-6 meters.
The distance between rows is 10-14 meters
depending on the area of land and the
operational capability of the tractor in
tilling the soil for rice plants. If the choice of
land arrangement with a surjan system is
required, a control channel on one side
with a width of 1.0 meters and a depth of
0.6 meters for easy drainage of water out
and also equipped with a dam overflow
system.
Siamese oranges from tidal lands have
good quality with a distinctive sweet taste,
but not all crops produce good fruit quality.
Oranges fruit yields in tidal land type A
have a sweeter taste than type B or C
(Noorginayuwati & Noor, n.d.).
All agricultural activities that depress
the environment have caused significant
changes in the micro, meso, and even
microclimates. In turn, climate change
returns to its deleterious effects on
commodity productivity and suitability in a
region (Panjaitan et al., 2016). Climate
change has brought challenges to
commodities and local communities (Van
Aalst et al., 2008). Today, climate change
has significant implications for the future of
commodity production and people's
livelihoods in many parts of Indonesia,
including South Kalimantan (Munadi,
2021). Rainfall variability and other extreme
weather/climate events continue to affect
several aspects of district areas in South
Kalimantan due to increased temperature
and rainfall variability and the potential to
exacerbate environmental degradation in
commodity-producing areas. In addition,
economic factors such as falling prices,
inefficient supply chains have hit the
commodity and farmer sectors in several
districts to their lowest levels (Isakson,
2014).
A farmer dependent on a single
commodity was the worst hit, as was the
regional economy in the region. Market
forces have directed farmers and their
territories to a single commodity. Such a
perspective must change with capacity
building and a comprehensive assessment
504 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
of alternatives that can solve the problem.
Based on the scenario above, building the
resilience of palm oil and other crop
production systems to withstand the
negative impacts of climate change until
productivity remains stable and increase
socially, economically, and environmentally
in the face of climate change is part of the
agenda for increasing production with an
Assessment approach. Climate
Vulnerability Assessment (CVA). The CVA
approach uses three factors: exposure to
climate stressors, sensitivity to these
stressors, and adaptive capacity to manage
stressors.
METHODS
Time and Place
The location of the study was
determined purposively, namely in the
center of Siamese oranges development
according to the type of tidal swampland,
namely Barito Kuala Regency, South
Kalimantan Province. Tidal type C in
Marabahan sub-district (SP1 and SP2), type
B in Mandastana sub-district (Karang
Bunga and Karang Indah villages) and type
A in Cerbon sub-district (Simpang Nungki
village and Sungai Kambat).
Types and Sources of Data
The research was carried out using
survey methods, FGD (Focus Group
Discussion), interviews, and direct
observations in the field. The data was dug
in-depth (in-depth interview) to the
research respondents, namely: oranges
farmers, fruit traders, and related agencies
(Department of Food Crops and
Horticulture of Barito Kuala Regency,
Department of Agriculture of Food Crops
and Horticulture of South Kalimantan
Province, and BPP Carbon District Barito
Kuala Regency). The number of
respondents from the three sub-districts is
90 people, while the number of
respondents from related agencies is 10
people, so the total respondents are 100
people. The data collected was then
analyzed descriptively.
Oranges Production Data
Oranges production was obtained
from the Department of Agriculture, Food
Crops, and Horticulture 2015 – 2019.
Methods of Analysis
1. Orange Crop Yield
The Impact of climate variability
on the growth and development of
oranges was assessed through a
qualitative approach on the correlation
between characters' phenological
plant and climatic conditions. The
Impact on the results was calculated
using regression analysis. The results
were obtained from the average per
tidal category (A, B, and C). The weight
of the average result is 1/σ2, where σ2
is the variance of results. Mean future
yields are also estimated using the
same equations as climate projections.
The assumption is that the correlation
between yields and climate variables
remains the same for now and in the
future (excluding technological
developments in oranges cultivation).
2. Respondents
FGD participants came from
several villages or specific to one
village, depending on the scope of the
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 505
study to be carried out. Participants
were separated into male and female
discussion groups. Each discussion
group consists of about 8-10 people.
Participants in the discussion are
farmers who understand the farming
system and tree resilience to climate
change in the study area. Leaders of
farmer groups, independent extension
farmers, collector farmers, traditional
leaders, youth, village officials, and
communities whose main livelihood is
the agricultural sector are ideal
participants.
3. Tools and materials
The tools and materials used in the
group discussions are: a) 20-30 sheets
of A1-sized flipchart paper, b)
Permanent markers, c) Colorful
markers for drawing maps of the study
area, d) Paper tape or double-sided
tape, e) paper Meta plan and f) Table of
discussion material.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Oranges Farming System in x Sub-
district
An extraordinary event (shock) that
affects the productivity of the farming
system and trees in Simpang Nungki
Village, Carbon District, is presented in the
following tabulation.
Table 1. Extraordinary events that affect the productivity of farming systems and
trees in Simpang Nungki Village, Carbon District
Years
Extraordinary event
category
Description
2008
Long drought/land fires
Many oranges plants died/drought
2010
Floods
Some rice plants, puso, and oranges
died
2013
Floods
Many plants food crops failed, and
production decreased
2014
tungro pest attack on rice
plants
Many plants were attacked,
production decreased up to 50%
2015
Land fires due to a
prolonged drought
Many rice plants puso (± 50%) and
oranges production decreased, and
even oranges plants died
2016
Floods
Caprice production decreased and
even crop failure, oranges production
decreased by 50%
2018
Long Drought
Oranges and rice production
decreased even up to 50%
506 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
2020
1) Heavy rain and strong
winds in the dry season
2) The selling price of
oranges is meager due to
abundant harvests
1) Many rice plants are grown, the
harvest will collapse/break (30% to
50%) due to heavy rain and wind n
fast
2) People's purchasing power has
decreased due to the Covid 19
pandemic.
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
From 2008 to 2020, extraordinary
events were droughts, floods, pest attacks,
and land fires resulting from the incident in
fallen plants, crop failure, puso, and death.
The most common and essential farming
systems are as follows (Kamaliah & Marlina,
2021).
Table 2. The most common and essential farming systems in Simpang Nungki
Village
Type of Farming
System
Cash-
generating
(Yes/No)
Order of
generating
highest cash-
(1 highest)
benefits
other
(list
code*)
Seasonal Crops
Rice
Bananas
Cucumber Suri
Watermelon
Eggplant
Papaya
Lombok
Other vegetables
(katuk leaves, long
beans), celery)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
2
9
6
7
8
10
5
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Annual Plants Mixed
Rambutan
Kwesi
Mango
Nangka
Guava
Avocado
Ketapi
No
No
No
No
No
No
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 507
Annual Plants
monoculture
Orange
Rubber
Palm
Yes
Yes
Yes
1
4
3
2
-
-
Scrub/Sleeping
Land (uncultivated)
-
-
-
Galam Forest
11
3
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=Game animals;9=other
Based on Table 2 and Table 3, the most
common and essential tree species,
according to the importance of money-
making and as a source of food, are
obtained.
Table 3. Most common and important tree species in Simpang Nungki Village
Carbon Sub-district
Tree Type
Earning
money
(Yes/No)
Order of
earning money
(1 highest)
Other
benefits
(code list *)
Order of
food source
(1 highest)
Type fruit trees
1. Oranges
2. Rambutan
3. Nangka
4. Kwesi
5. Ketapi
6. Guava
7. Avocado
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
2
5
4
3
7
Types of trees Plantation
1. oil palm
2. Rubber
Yes
Yes
2
3
-
-
-
-
type of forest trees
Mangrove
None
-
-
-
Galam Forest
Yes
4
3
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
508 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
Description: *) 1=Source of food;
2=Drugs; 3=Building materials; 4=Energy;
5=Craft raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and
culture; 7=fodder; 8=Others.
Oranges plants, oil palm, rubber, and
glam are the types of trees used because
they are the primary income earners, and
glam forests are also used for other
purposes. Only tree species used as food
sources are oranges, jackfruit, guava,
tapioca, rambutan, and avocado. Therefore,
there are many options for farming systems
that are applied, as presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Options for farming systems or tree species to be analyzed using the ranking
method in Simpang Nungki Village, Carbon District
No
Options for farming
systems or tree
types
Notes/descriptions
Rankin
g
1.
Seasonal Crops
(rice, vegetables, watermelon, cucumber Suri,
Lombok, papaya)
2
2.
Mixed crops
Fruits (rambutan, jackfruit, kiwi, tapioca, guava,
avocado)
3
3.
Oranges
Monoculture
1
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020.
The highest choice for oranges and
then crops annuals and mixed crops. In
addition to money-producing plants,
orange plants are also food crops and have
other benefits. Oranges on type A overflow
land are sweeter than overflow types B and
C. Surprise events (shock) that affect the
productivity of farming systems and trees
in Sungai Kambat Village, Carbon District
are presented in the following tabulation.
Table 5. Extraordinary events affecting the productivity of farming systems and trees
in Sungai Kambat Village, Carbon Sub-district
Year
Category of extraordinary events
Description
2000
Attack of the tungro pests on rice
(Hamid & Nirwanto, 2012)
crops Decreased rice production
2011
Drought (Maarif, 2011)
Early dry season, abnormal/more high
tides receding, low rainfall so that many
oranges plants do not bear fruit, orange
leaves wilt, many rice plants are puso
2017
Floods are pretty large for up to one
week (Kakanga et al., 2017)v
Many newly planted oranges seedlings
die
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 509
2018
Drought and land fires (Sutikno &
Rinaldi, n.d.)
Low rainfall, rice fields even cracked -
cracked, abnormal tides (river water
recedes more), some oranges plants even
die
2019
Drought
Deficient rainfall, rice, and oranges plants
dry up, production declines
2020
The selling price of oranges is meager
due to low purchasing power due to
the Impact of the covid pandemic 19
(Azhari, 2021)
Orange harvest and very high production
resulted in the selling price of oranges
dropping to Rp 2 .000/kg at farmer level
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Extraordinary events (shock) from 2000
to 2020 pest attacks, droughts, floods,
oranges prices plummeted. Farming
systems applied by farmers are as in Table
6.
Table 6. The most common and essential farming systems in Sungai Kambat Village,
Carbon Sub-district
Type of Farming
System
Generating
cash
(Yes/No)
Order of
highest cash
producer
(1 highest)
Benefits other
(code list*)
Seasonal Crops
1. Rice
2. Vegetables
(spinach,
mustard
greens,
kale)
3. Bananas
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
3
4
1
1
1
Mixed Annual
Crops
1. Kwesi
2. Coconut
3. Petai
4. Guava
5. Rambutan
6. Mango
7. Jackfruit
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Perennial
Monoculture
1. Oranges
Yes
1
1
510 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
Scrub/Sleeping
Land
(uncultivated)
-
-
-
Forest
-
-
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=game; 9=others The choice
of oranges crops is the priority, then rice,
vegetables, and bananas are the money
earners. Rice became the first choice as a
food source, then oranges, vegetables,
bananas followed by other mixed crops.
The most common and essential tree
species cultivated in Sungai Kambat village
are presented in Table 7.
Table 7. The most common and important tree species in Sungai Kambat Village Carbon
Sub-district
Tree Types
Earning
money
(Yes/No)
Order of
generating
money-(1
highest)
Other
benefits
(code list *)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Type of Fruit Trees
1. Orange
2. Petai
3. Rambutan
4. Coconut
5. Kwesi
6. Mango
7. Jackfruit
8. Jambu
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
1
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
7
8
5
6
Plantation tree species
-
-
-
-
-
Forest tree species
No
-
-
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=fodder; 8= Others.
Oranges, petai, and rambutan are the
options for earning money and are used as
food sources. The highest sources of food
ingredients are petai, oranges, rambutan,
coconut, jackfruit, guava, kiwi, and mango.
The more choices of valuable plants,
the more choices of tree species in the
farming system, as presented in Table 8.
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 511
Table 8. Table of options for farming systems or tree species to be analyzed using the
ranking method in Sungai combat Village, Carbon District
No.
Options for farming
systems or tree species
Notes/descriptions
Ranking
1.
Seasonal
RiceCrops
1
2.
greens
Mustard, spinach, kangkong
3
3.
oranges
Monoculture
2
4.
Mixed Crops
Rambutan, petai, jackfruit, mango,
guava, banana, kiwi, coconut
4
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
The most popular farming system
options may be annuals, oranges,
vegetables, and mixed crops dominated by
horticultural crops other than oranges.
Oranges Farming System in Mandastana
District (Tide and Low Type B)
Extraordinary events (shock) that affect
the productivity of a farming system and
trees in Karang Bunga Village, Mandastana
District, are presented in Table 9.
Table 9. Extraordinary events that affect the productivity of farming systems and trees in
Karang Bunga Village, Mandastana Subdistrict
Year
Category Extraordinary Event
Description
1997
Long drought more than 3 months
Seasonal crops (paddy, corn, and beans)
failed to harvest. Many oranges plants died
from drought
2005
Land fires due to a prolonged
drought
Many oranges plants died
2015
Land fires due to a prolonged
drought
Rice, corn and peanut crops failed to
harvest, and production of oranges trees
decreased, and even many burned to death
2016
Longer rainy season
Rice plants were abundant
submerged/puso
2017
Attack of planthoppers on rice
crops All rice
harvests failed
2018
Drought
Low rainfall, rice fields even cracked, tides
were not expected (river water receded
more)
Oranges plants still dead TBM
2019
Drought
Rainfall is deficient, rice and oranges crops
are drying up, rice and oranges production
is declining
2020
Orange prices are dropping very
cheap
Simultaneous harvest, abundant
production, the condition of the covid 19
512 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
pandemic consumer purchasing power has
decreased.
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
From 1997 to 2020, extraordinary
events that have an impact on farming
systems and trees start with drought, land
fires, wetness, pest attack, and price
Oranges have fallen, which in addition to
the decrease in purchasing power due to
Covid-19, the production of oranges is also
massive, while the processing technology is
still inadequate.
The most common and essential
farming systems applied in Karang Bunga
village are presented in Table 10.
Table 10. The most common and essential farming systems Karang Bunga Village,
Mandastana District
Type of Farming
System
Cash-
generating
(Yes/No)
generating
order
Highest cash-
(1 highest)
Other
benefits
(code list*)
Order as
food
source
(1 highest)
Annual Crops
1. Rice
2. Long beans
3. Corn
4. Bananas
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
2
3
4
-
1
1
1
1
1
8
3
2
Mixed Annual
Crops
1. Jackfruit
2. Rambutan
3. Coconut
No
No
No
-
-
-
1
1
1
5
6
4
monoculture
Annual Plant
1. Orange
Yes
1
1
7
Scrub/Sleeping
Land (uncultivated)
-
-
-
-
Forest
1. Galam
-
-
9 (building
material)
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=game; 9=others
Oranges plants are the first choice
compared to rice, long beans, and bananas
because these farming systems generate
the highest income apart from being used
as a source of food. The highest food
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 513
sources are rice, bananas, corn, coconut,
jackfruit, rambutan, oranges, and long
beans. Oranges are little used as food
because the absorption capacity outside
the Batola area is enormous.
The selected farmers in Karang Bunga
village are presented in Table 11. most
common and essential tree species.
Table 11. The most common and important tree species in Karang Bunga Village,
Mandastana Sub-district
Tree Type
Earning
money
(Yes/No)
Order of
earning
money
(1 highest)
Other
benefits
(code list *)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Fruit tree species
1. Jackfruit
2. Rambutan
3. Banana
No
No
No
1
4
3
Tree species plantation
1. Coconut
2. Oranges
No
Yes
-
1
2
5
Forest tree species
1. Galam
No
-
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=fodder; 8=Other
Types of cash-producing crops are the
main reason for choosing oranges as the
primary commodity. The choice of food-
producing crops such as jackfruit, coconut,
banana, rambutan, and oranges. Many
types of plants can create a more varied
farming system to increase income, as
presented in Table 12.
Table 12. Options for farming systems or tree species to be analyzed using the Karang
Bunga ranking method, Mandastana District
No
Options for farming
systems or types Trees
Notes/descriptions
Ranking
1.
Seasonal Crops
Rice, Long Beans, Corn
2
2.
Oranges
Monoculture
1
3.
Mixed Crops
Banana, Coconut, Jackfruit,
Rambutan
3
4.
Forest
Galam
4
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 514
Oranges crops are monoculture as the
primary choice, and then a farming system
is also selected annual crops, mixed crops,
and natural forests. Extraordinary events
that affect the productivity of farming
systems and tree species in Karang Indah
Village, Mandastana District, are presented
in Table 13.
Table 13. Extraordinary events that affect the productivity of farming systems and trees in
Karang Indah Village, Mandastana District
Year
Extraordinary events category
Description
1997
Long drought more than 3
months
Many oranges plants died from drought
2005
Land fires due to a prolonged
drought
Many oranges plants died
2015
Land fires due to a prolonged
drought
Rice crops failed to produce, and oranges
crops decreased production, and even many
burned to death
2016
Longer rainy season
Crops lots of rice
submerged/pusoPlanthopper
2017
attack on rice
Paddy harvest failure
2018
Drought
Rice production decreased
Many oranges plants still died, oranges
production decreased
2019
Drought
rice production decreased
Many TBM oranges plants died
Orange production decreased
2020
Oranges prices fell very low h
Simultaneous harvests, abundant production,
the COVID-19 pandemic conditions decreased
consumer purchasing power.
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Extraordinary events (shock) from 1997
to 2020 that impacted the productivity of
farming systems and trees were drought,
fire, rainy season, drought, and the price of
oranges low. The most common and
essential farming systems applied and vary
widely in Karang Indah Village are
presented in Table 14.
Table 14. The most common and vital farming systems in Karang Indah Village,
Mandastana District
Type of Farming
System
Cash-
generating
(Yes/No)
Order of
earning money
highest cash
(1 highest)
Other
benefits
(code list*)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Annual Crops
1. Rice
2. Cassava
3. Eggplant
Yes
No
Yes
2
-
4
1
1
1
1
2
6
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 515
4. Lombok
5. Long beans
6. Banana
Yes
No
No
3
-
1
1
5
4
3
Year Plant Mixed
1. Rambutan
2. Mango
3. Guava
4. Jackfruit
No
No
No
No
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
11
10
9
7
Plants
Thanmonoculture
1. Orange
Yes
1
1
8
Scrub/Sleeping Land
(uncultivated)
-
-
-
-
Forest
1. Galam
No
-
9(building
material)
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=game; 9=others
Some annual crops such as rice,
eggplant, and Lombok, perennial oranges
monoculture as the highest choice, are an
option because they generate money and
other benefits. As a food source, rice is the
primary choice. Cassava, banana, long
beans, Lombok, eggplant, jackfruit,
oranges, guava, manga, and rambutan, are
many diversified choices to improve a
better life.
The types of trees that are commonly
cultivated and important by farmers in
Karang Indah village are presented in Table
15.
Table 15. The most common and important tree species in Karang Indah Village,
Mandastana Sub-district
Tree Types
Earning
Money
(Yes/No)
Order of earning
money (1
highest)
Other
benefits
(code list *)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Type of fruit tree
1. Mango
2. Rambutan
3. Jackfruit
4. Guava
5. Banana
No
No
No
No
No
1
1
1
1
1
5
6
2
3
1
Tree species
plantation
1. Oranges
Yes
1
1
4
Types of forest trees
-
-
-
-
516 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=fodder; 8= Others.
Options for farming systems of tree species
based on the degree of importance using
the rankings as listed in Table 16.
Table 16. Options for farming systems or tree species to be analyzed using the ranking
method Karang Indah, Mandastana District
No
Options for farming
systems or species Trees
Notes/descriptions
Ranking
1.
Seasonal
Rice, Cassava, Peanut, Lombok,
Eggplant
2
2.
monoculture
Oranges
1
3.
Mixed Plants of
Jackfruit, Rambutan, Mango, Banana
3
4.
Forest
Galam
4
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Plants Oranges crops are monoculture
as the primary choice then annual crops,
mixed crops, and natural forest plants.
Oranges Farming System in Marabahan
Subdistrict (Tide and Retreat Type C)
Extraordinary events that affect the
productivity of farming systems and trees
in Sido Makmur Village (SP1) are presented
in Table 17.
Table 17. Extraordinary events affecting the productivity of farming systems and trees in
Sido Makmur Village, Marabahan Subdistrict
Year
Category of the extraordinary
event
Description
2005
The prolonged drought and land
fires
Vegetable and oranges production decreased
2007
Long drought
Vegetable and oranges production decreased
2016
Long drought
Production of vegetables, oranges, rubber,
and oil palm decreased even oranges plants
died
2019
Long drought
Oranges, rubber, and palm oil production
declines
2019
Orange prices plummet.
Simultaneous oranges harvest and abundant
production. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic,
consumer purchasing power has decreased.
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
An extraordinary event that occurred
during the period from 2005 to 2019 was
the drought, and the price of oranges
plummeted due to simultaneous harvests
and weak purchasing power due to covid
19. This region has varied options to
anticipate extreme climate events, which
occur and repeat, as presented in Table 18.
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 517
Table 18. List of the most common and vital farming systems in Sido Makmur Village,
Marabahan Sub-district
Type of Farming
System
Cash-
generating
(Yes/No)
Order of highest
cash-generating
(1 highest)
Benefit other
(list code*)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Seasonal Crops
1. Lombok
2. Long beans
3. Spinach
4. Eggplant
5. Mustard
Greens
6. Cassava
7. Melon
8. Tomato
9. Cucumber
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
4
8
9
10
11
-
5
6
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
5
6
7
8
4
13
11
9
Mixed Annual Plants
1. Mango
2. Rambutan
3. Banana
4. Coconut
5. Jackfruit
6. Petai
7. Papaya
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
-
-
-
-
-
12
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
15
1
10
2
16
3
Monoculture
Perennial Plant
1. Orange
2. Rubber
3. Oil Palm
Yes
Yes
Yes
1
3
2
9
(industry)
9
(industry)
17
-
-
Scrub/Sleeping Land
(uncultivated)
-
-
-
-
Galam Forest
No
-
9
(building)
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=game; 9=other
The most common and essential tree
species cultivated by farmers in Sido
Makmur village are presented in Table 19.
Table 19. Most common and important tree species in Sido Makmur Village, Marabahan
Sub-district
Tree Type
Generate
money
(Yes/No)
Order of
earning
money
(1 highest)
Other
benefits
(code list *)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Types of Fruit Trees
1. Jackfruit
No
-
1
2
518 | Assessment of Climate Vulnerability on Orange Farming Business System in Batola
2. Mango
3. Rambutan
4. Coconut
5. Petai
6. Banana
7. Papaya
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
-
-
-
5
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
6
4
7
1
3
Tree species plantation
1. Oranges
2. Rubber
3. Palm Oil
Yes
Yes
Yes
1
3
2
1
9 (industry)
9 (industry)
8
-
-
Forest tree species
Galam
No
-
9 (building)
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=Game animal; 9=others
Oranges plants are still the prima
donna of choice other than oil palm,
rubber, and petai because they provide
high yields in addition to other benefits.
Rubber oil palm plantations are natural also
being developed for industrial purposes.
(Reuther, 1967) Therefore, the options for
farming systems or tree species become
more varied, as presented in Table 21.
Table 20. Table of options for farming systems or tree species to be analyzed using the
ranking method in Sido Makmur Village, Marabahan Subdistrict
No
Options for
farming systems
or tree species
Notes /description
Ranking
1.
Vegetables
Lombok, Long Beans, Spinach, Eggplant, Mustard
Greens, Cassava, Melon, Tomato, Cucumber
2
2.
Plantation
Oranges
1
3.
Monoculture
Rubber
4
4.
Monoculture
Oil Palm
3
5.
Mixed
Petai, Jackfruit, Banana, mango, coconut, rambutan,
papaya,
5
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Primadonna oranges plants began to
be followed by other annual crops such as
oil palm and rubber, after vegetable crops
followed by mixed crops such as petai,
jackfruit, banana, mango, coconut,
rambutan, and papaya.
Extraordinary events (shock) that
impact the farming system's productivity in
Suka Maju Village (SP 2), Marabahan
Subdistrict, and the trees are shown in Table
21.
Table 21. Extraordinary events that affect the productivity of farming systems and trees in
Karya Maju Village, Marabahan Subdistrict
Year
Extraordinary
event category
Description
2005
The prolonged
is very little rain, so land fires occur. Production of
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 519
drought and land
fires There
vegetables and oranges declines
2007
Long drought
The rainy season shifts, rainfall is very little. Production of
vegetables and oranges decreased
2016
Long drought
Production of vegetables, oranges, and rubber decreased.
Even rubber and oranges plants died.
2017
Long drought
Entering the rainy season but very little rainfall,
production of vegetables, oranges, and rubber decreases
2019
Long drought
Production of vegetables, oranges, and rubber decreases
2019
Prices of oranges
drop
Simultaneous harvest of oranges and abundant
production. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer
purchasing power has decreased.
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
An extreme event from 2005 to 2019
was a long drought, and the price of
oranges plummeted. Many choices of
commodities and farming systems that are
commonly cultivated are shown in Table 22.
Table 22. List of the most common and essential farming systems in Karya Maju Village,
Marabahan Subdistrict
Type of Farming
System
Cash-
generating
(Yes/No)
Order of highest
cash-generating
(1st) highest)
Other
benefits
(code list*)
Order as a
food source
(1 highest)
Seasonal Crops
1. Lombok
2. Cassava
3. Spinach
4. Kangkung
5. Tomato
6. Long beans
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
4
7
8
5
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
7
10
9
11
8
Mixed Annual Plants
1. Petai
2. Mango
3. Rambutan
4. Guava
5. Papaya
6. Banana
7. Coconut
8. Soursop
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
4
12
5
3
1
2
6
Monoculture Perennial
Plants
1. Orange
2. Rubber
Yes
Yes
1
3
1
9 (industry)
15
-
Scrub/Sleeping Land
(uncultivated)
-
-
-
-
Galam Forest
No
-
9 (building)
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 520
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=game; 9=other
The most common and essential tree
species cultivated by farmers in Karya Maju
village are presented in Table 23.
Table 23. Most common and important tree species in Karya Maju Village, Marabahan Sub-
district
Tree Type
Earning
money
(Yes/No)
Order of
producers
money (1 being
the highest)
other
benefits
(register
code *)
Order as a
source of food
(1 being the
highest)
type fruit trees
1. Petai
2. Mango
3. Rambutan
4. Guava
5. Papaya
6. Banana
7. Coconut
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
4
6
5
3
1
2
Tree species
plantation
1. Orange
2. Rubber
Yes
Yes
1
2
1
9 (industrial)
8
-
forest tree species
1. Galam
No
-
9 (building)
-
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Description *) 1=Source of food; 2=Drugs;
3=Building materials; 4=Energy; 5=Craft
raw materials; 6=Aesthetics and culture;
7=Livestock; 8=game; 9=other
Some options for farming systems or tree
species that farmers in Karya Maju village
have applied are as shown in Table 24
below.
Table 24. Farming system options or tree species to be analyzed using the ranking method
in Karya Maju Village, Marabahan Sub-district
No
Farming system
options or tree
species
Note/description
Ranking
1.
Vegetables
Lombok, Cassava, Spinach,
Kangkung, Tomato, Long Beans
3
2 .
plant monoculture
orange
1
3.
monoculture plant
rubber
2
4.
mix plants
petai, mango, rambutan, guava,
papaya, banana, coconut,
4
Source: Primary data processing results, 2020
Orange monoculture farming became
the primary choice of rubber plants,
vegetable plants, and plant mix. Plantation
and horticultural crops have better
potential to be developed in Batola
Regency than food crops.
Umi Salawati, Gusti Rusmayadi, Dewi Erika Adrian | 521
CONCLUSIONS
Citrus plants grown on all types of land
in the Batola Regency are very resistant to
exposure to climate stressors, namely
drought and flood disasters and attacks by
plant-disturbing organisms. In addition,
citrus plants also remain a commodity that
farmers rely on as the primary source of
family income despite the decline in the
selling price of oranges in the market. This
proves that citrus plants are highly adaptive
to climate change conditions. In the district
of Cerbon (tidal type A), the highest choice
is citrus plants, then seasonal crops and
mixed crops. In addition to money-
producing plants, Citrus plants are also
food crops and have other benefits. The
primary choice is monoculture citrus in the
Mandastana sub-district (tidal type B).
Citrus plants in monoculture are the
leading choice, then annual crops, mixed
crops, and natural forest plants. In the
Marabahan sub-district (tidal type C), apart
from citrus, oil palm and rubber plantations
have been developed as industrial support
plants.
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