JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 01, No.6 , 584 – 594

E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494

DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i6.39

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPATHY AND

FORGIVENESS IN ADOLESCENT WHO HAVE A CHEATING

PARENT

Kamila Sagafia

Henny Regina Salve

1,2

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Gunadarma University

e-mail: kamilasagafia@gmail.com

, alve_7@yahoo.com

*Correspondence: kamilasagafia@gmail.com

Submitted: 28 December 2021, Revised: 10 January 2022, Accepted: 13 January 2022

Abstract. This study aims to determine the relationship between empathy and forgiveness in

adolescents whose parents have an affair. This study uses quantitative research methods. The

sampling technique used in this research is snowball sampling. The sample in this study consisted

of 55 adolescents. The measurement of forgiveness data was carried out using a modified

forgiveness scale from McCullough, Root, & Cohen (1999). Measurement of empathy was carried

out using a modified empathy scale from Davis (1983). The data analysis technique used is Pearson

Product Moment correlation analysis technique. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known

that there is a very significant positive relationship between empathy and forgiveness in

adolescents whose parents have an affair with a significance value of 0.002 (p<0.01). These results

indicate that the hypothesis that there is a relationship between empathy and forgiveness in

adolescents who have cheating parents is acceptable. Furthermore, the relationship has a positive

direction, that is, the higher the level of empathy, the higher the level of forgiveness (forgiveness).

Conversely, the lower the level of empathy, the lower the forgiveness.

Keywords: empathy; forgiveness; teenagers; cheating parents.

Kamila Sagafia, Henny Regina Salve | 585 
 
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i6.39 
INTRODUCTION 
 
Parents are figures that are imitated by 
teenagers,  should  parents  have  a  good 
personality  regarding  attitudes,  habits, 
behavior  and  ways  of  life.  A  complete 
family, according to (Cho & Lee, 2017) will 
publish  the  widest  opportunity  for 
individuals  in  it  to  receive  the  basics  of 
development, practice good attitudes and 
habits. Family harmony will also provide a 
sense of security for teenagers to be able 
to  develop  naturally  in  accepting  social 
experiences for living together in society. 
Unfortunately  at  this  time  teenagers 
have many problems. One of the worrying 
problems  experienced  is  when  teenagers 
find out their parents are having an affair. 
Infidelity  committed  by  parents  is  one  of 
the phenomenal cases that is often raised 
by print and electronic media.  
Parental infidelity can affect the socio-
emotional aspects of adolescents as well as 
adolescent maturity in logical and rational 
thinking.  When  teenagers  find  out  their 
parents  are  having  an  affair,  they  will 
experience feelings of deep sadness, anger, 
disappointment,  or  feeling  neglected.  In 
addition,  infidelity  can  also  have  a  direct 
impact on the relationship between parents 
and  children.  Parents  become  irritable  or 
do not  have  time  with  their children. The 
greater the change in the condition of the 
parent-child  relationship,  the  more  it  will 
affect the child's socio-emotional condition 
in  a  negative  direction  (Houser,  List, 
Piovesan, Samek, & Winter, 2016). 
The most damaging impact of infidelity 
is  the  psychological  effect  on  children.  In 
these  situations,  children  tend  to 
experience mental burdens. In children who 
have  not  been  able  to  express  their 
emotions, children will show symptoms of 
anxiety.  For  example,  being  alone, 
bedwetting,  thumb  sucking,  nightmares, 
and unstable emotions. This appears as a 
response to fear that his family's happiness 
will disappear (Turner, Finkelhor, Hamby, & 
Henly, 2017). 
Meanwhile,  children  who  are  growing  up 
(teenagers),  will  feel  angry,  betrayed,  and 
more  likely  to  express  their  frustration. 
Child and family psychologist, (Heyman, Fu, 
Lin, Qian, & Lee, 2015) explains that when 
children  catch  their  parents'  infidelity 
directly, the child will be confused. Another 
effect  is  a  decrease  in  learning 
achievement,  reduced  self-confidence, 
depression, and being rude. 
One  of  the  things  that  can  be  used  to 
reduce the bad impact for teenagers who 
know their  parents  are  having  an  affair is 
that  they  can  do  forgiveness.  Having  an 
attitude  of  forgiveness  or  pardon  in 
children, especially teenagers, is not easy, 
not all children are capable of forgiveness 
towards their parents.  
Forgiveness  is  a  process  (or  result  of  a 
process)  that  involves  changing  feelings 
and  attitudes  toward  the  offender.  A 
number of studies view it as an intentional 
and deliberate process, driven by a decision 
to  forgive.  The  result  of  this  process  is  a 
decrease in the urge to maintain feelings of 
demands  for  the  release  of  negative 
emotions to the perpetrator (Cuff, Brown, 
Taylor, & Howat, 2016). 
 
Research Objectives  
The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to 
examine the relationship between empathy 
and  forgiveness  in  adolescents  whose 

586 | the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness in Adolescent Who Have a Cheating 
Parent 
 
 
parents cheated on them. 
 
LITERATURE REVIEW 
 
Forgiveness  
According  to  (Amir,  Ahl,  Parsons,  & 
McAuliffe, 2021), forgiveness is an effort to 
restore  love  and  trust  in  relationships,  so 
that individuals can end destructive rights. 
This is also reinforced by (Breen, Kashdan, 
Lenser,  &  Fincham,  2010),  that  behavior 
forgiveness is an action as an attempt by a 
person  not  to  retaliate  against  hurting 
others for what he has done, but to provide 
forgiveness.  According  to  (Hargrave  & 
Zasowski, 2016) said forgiveness is healing 
from memory hurt, not erase. Forgiveness 
is  also  interpreted  as  a  way  to  overcome 
relationships with the damaged one.  
 
Dimensions of Forgiveness 
The following are  three dimensions of 
forgiveness  according  to  McCullough, 
Root, and Cohen (2006), namely avoidance 
motivations,  revenge  motivations,  and 
benevolence motivations. 
 
Empathy 
According  to  Taufik  (2012)  adds 
empathy is an activity to understand what 
he was thinking and feeling for others, and 
what  she  thought  and  felt  by  the  person 
concerned  (observer,  perceiver)  of  the 
condition  being  experienced  by  others, 
without the corresponding loss of control 
himself.  Empathy  is  considered  an 
emotional  state,  often  empathy  has  a 
cognitive component or the  ability to see 
the psychological state in others, or what is 
called taking another person's perspective.  
Adolescent 
(Orben,  Tomova,  &  Blakemore,  2020) 
said  that  adolescence  is  a  period  of 
transitional  development  between 
childhood  and  adulthood  which  includes 
biological,  cognitive,  and  social  changes. 
The age limit set by experts for adolescence 
varies.  According  to  (McDevitt,  Ormrod, 
Cupit, Chandler, & Aloa, 2010), adolescence 
is the period between the ages of 12 to 23 
years.  
 
Infidelity 
(Widita  &  Nurihsan,  2020),  Big 
Indonesian  Dictionary,  cheating, 
etymologically  defined  as  the  act  and 
behavior  of  people  who  like  to  hide 
something  for  their  own  sake,  not  being 
honest, dishonest, and cheating. According 
to  (Jones  &  Weiser,  2014),  infidelity  in 
terminology  is  a  sexual  or  emotional 
activity  carried  out  by  one  or  both 
individuals  bound  in  a  committed 
relationship  and  considered  to  violate 
beliefs or norms (visible or invisible) related 
to emotional or sexual exclusivity. 
 
Research Hypothesis 
Based on the relationship between the 
variables  mentioned  above,  in  this  study 
the  authors  formulate  the  following 
hypothesis,  that  there  is  a  positive 
relationship  between  empathy  and 
forgiveness  in  adolescents  who  have 
cheating parents. The higher the empathy, 
the higher the forgiveness and vice versa, 
the  lower  the  empathy,  the  lower  the 
forgiveness. 
 
 

Kamila Sagafia, Henny Regina Salve | 587

METHODS

Identification of Research

This study uses quantitative research

methods. The variables used in this study

are:

1. Criterion Variable (Y) : Forgiveness

2. Predictor Variable (X) :Empathy

Population And Research Sample

In this study, the population was

teenagers who had cheating parents. This

research uses snowball sampling

technique. Snowball sampling is a snowball

sample. This method is used when the

researcher does not know much about the

research population, only knows one or two

people who based on their assessment can

be used as samples (Thamhain, 2014). The

sample in this study were teenagers who

had a cheating parent as many as 55

people. The criteria for the sample are male

and female adolescents aged 12 to 23 years

(Allen, Byrne, Oddy, & Crosby, 2013).

Data Collection Techniques

In this study, the data collection

technique used a questionnaire.

Questionnaires or commonly called

questionnaires are data collection

techniques that are carried out by giving a

set of questions or written statements to

respondents for answers.

Validity, power and discrimination of

items Reliability. According to (LoBiondo-

Wood & Haber, 2014) validity is the extent

to which the accuracy and accuracy of a

measuring instrument (test) in performing

its measuring function. Whether or not a

measuring instrument is valid depends on

whether or not the measuring instrument is

able to achieve the desired measurement

objectives correctly. In this study, content

validity is a type of validity that is estimated

through testing the test content with

rational analysis. The question to be

answered in this content validity is the

extent to which the test items represent the

components in the overall content area of

the object to be measured

(representational aspect) and the extent to

which the test items reflect the behavioral

characteristics to be measured (relevance

aspect).

According to (LoBiondo-Wood &

Haber, 2014) the power of item

discrimination is the extent to which items

are able to distinguish between individuals

or groups of individuals who have and do

not have the attributes of a measuring

instrument. As a criterion for selecting

items based on the total item correlation,

constraints are usually used.

The reliability of measuring instruments

shows the extent to which the results of

measurements with these measuring

instruments can be trusted. According to

(LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014), reliability

actually refers to the consistency or

trustworthiness of the measurement results

which implies the accuracy of the

measurement. Unreliable measurements

will certainly not be consistent from time to

time.

Data Analysis Techniques

The method used to analyze the data in

this study is statistical analysis. The

technique used in this research is the

correlation analysis Product Moment from

Karl Pearson, which is to analyze the

relationship between empathy as the

independent variable and forgiveness as

588 | the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness in Adolescent Who Have a Cheating

Parent

the dependent variable. Data analysis was

carried out using the Statistical Package for

Social Science (SPSS) version 24.0 for

Windows 10 program

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Validity Test Results

Content validity is the validity estimated

through testing the feasibility of the test

content through rational analysis by expert

judgment, namely the researcher consults

with the supervisor before distributing the

questionnaire. In order to strengthen the

results of item validity, the researchers

conducted a try out after the test and were

selected through expert judgment.

Researchers used a trial using a used try out

to determine the value of reliability. The

test consists of 18 items on a scale

forgiveness and 28 items on an empathy

scale with five alternative answers.

Discrimination power-item

1) Scale Forgiveness

Study discrimination power test

item on a scale of forgiveness

usingcorrelation Pearson Product

Momenttest, by correlating each item

score with a score total items.The

number of forgiveness items tested was

18 items, the results of a good item

analysis had 0.30. The results of the

analysis, it is known that all good items

are 18 items and are in the correlation

range between 0.425 to 0.730 which

means that the item discrimination

power is good.

Table 1. Distribution of Forgiveness

Scale Items

No.

Dimension

Item Number

Number

Starting

Items

Jumlah

aitem

baik

Fav

Unfav

Avoidance

Motivations

2, 5, 7,

11, 15,

Revenge

Motivation

4, 9, 13,

Beneviolene

motivations

3, 6,

8, 12,

14, 16

Total

Note: Items marked (*) are items that are

lost.

2) Empathy Scale

In this research, the item

discrimination power test on the

empathy scale used the

Pearsoncorrelation Product

Momenttest, by correlating each item

score with the total item score. The

number of items forgiveness that were

tested amounted to 28 items. The

results of the analysis, a good item has

0.30. The results of the analysis, it is

known that 17 items fall, while the good

items are 11 items and are in the

correlation range between 0.310 to

0.692 which means the discrimination

power of the self-concept scale items is

good.

Table 2. Distribution of Empathy Scale

Items

Aspek

Number Item

Total

Item

Start

Total

Item

good

Fav

Unfav

Fantasy

1,2,4

*5,

3*,6*

Kamila Sagafia, Henny Regina Salve | 589

Aspek

Number Item

Total

Item

Start

Total

Item

good

Fav

Unfav

Perspectiv

e Tacking

8*,1

0,11,

13,1

9*,12*

Empathic

Concern

15,1

7,18

*, 21

16*,19*

,20*

Personal

Distress

22*,

23*,

24*,

26*,

25*,27*

Total

Note: the item marked (*) is the item that

has failed.

Reliability Test

To determine the consistency of this

measuring instrument, the researcher

conducted a reliability test using Alpha

Cronbach technique. The general

agreement is that reliability is considered

satisfactory if the coefficient value is 0.700.

1) Scale Forgiveness

Based on the results of the scale

reliability test, forgiveness after

processing the data, a reliability

coefficient of 0.920 was obtained and

was considered reliable in measuring

the scale forgiveness in this study.

Table 3. Reliability of the Forgiveness Scale

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s

Alpha

N of Items

0,920

2) Empathy Scale

The results of the reliability test on

the self-concept scale after processing

the data, the reliability coefficient is

0.843 and is considered reliable in

measuring the empathy scale in this

study.

Table 4. Empathy Reliability

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s Alpha

N of Items

0,843

Assumption Test

Before the results of the data analysis in

this study were used as the basis for

drawing hypotheses, an assumption test

was carried out consisting of normality and

linearity tests.

a. NormalityThe normality

Testtest in this study used the

Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Based on the

results of the normality test, the scale

forgiveness obtained a significant result

of 0.13 (p > 0.05). This shows that the

distribution of the variable scores

forgiveness is not normally distributed.

The results of the normality test on

the empathy scale obtained a

significance result of 0.200 (p < 0.05).

This shows that the distribution of

empathy variable scores is normally

distributed.

Tabel 5. Normality Test Results

Variabel

Kolmogoro

v-Smirnov

Keterangan

Empati

0,200

(p <

0.05)

Normal

Forgiveness

0,13

(p <

0.05)

Tidak

Normal

b. Linearity Test

Based on the linearity test on the

590 | the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness in Adolescent Who Have a Cheating

Parent

empathy and forgiveness scale, a

significance value of 0.002 (p < 0) was

obtained. ,05). It can be concluded that

there is a linear relationship between

the variables of empathy and

forgiveness in adolescents who have

cheating parents.

Tabel 6. Linearity Test Results

Variabel

Sig.

Nilai p

Hitung

Keterangan

Empati

Forgiveness

0,002

< 0,05

Linear

Hypothesis Test

Analysis used in this study was Pearson

Product Moment correlation analysis, and

the data obtained a correlation coefficient

value of 0.383** with a significance value of

0.000 (p < 0.01). These results indicate that

there is a very significant positive

relationship between empathy and

forgiveness in adolescents who have

cheating parents in this study.

Tabel 7. Hypothesis Test Results

Correlation

Forgive

ness

Empati

Forgiveness

Pearson

Correlati

on Sig.

(1-tailed)

0,383 **

0,002

Empati

Pearson

Correlati

on Sig.

(1-tailed)

0,383**

0,002

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-

tailed).

Discussion

The results of this study show that there

is a very significant positive relationship

between empathy and forgiveness in

adolescents who have cheating parents.

With a correlation coefficient of 0.383 with

a significance value of 0.002. The

hypothesis testing of this research shows

that the hypothesis is accepted. This means

that the higher the empathy for

adolescents who have cheating parents, the

higher the forgiveness for what they have

experienced. In building empathy, teens

start by being open with their own

emotions. In line with the opinion

according to (Drigas & Papoutsi, 2018)

empathy is built based on self-awareness,

the more open a person is to his own

emotions, the more skilled he is in reading

feelings. Every relationship that is at the

root of caring stems from emotional

adjustment, from the ability to empathize,

that is, the ability to know how the other

person is feeling and participate in the

struggles of his life. Adolescents who have

good empathy will influence adolescents to

forgive someone for their wrong treatment.

The results of previous research from

(Drigas & Papoutsi, 2018) also found that

there was a significant positive relationship

between empathy and forgiveness. The

higher a person's empathy, the higher the

emergence of behavior forgiveness

adolescent towards their parents. This is

also supported by previous research

conducted by (Ayun & Puspitawati, 2018)

who found the results of this study showing

that there is a very significant positive

relationship between empathy and

forgiveness, that empathy is positively and

Kamila Sagafia, Henny Regina Salve | 591

significantly correlated with forgiving

parents.

Stated that the age of adolescence

greatly affects the process of forgiveness

because at the age of adolescence the

individual's emotional state is still not

stable. (Renz et al., 2020) adds that the age

factor has a significant influence on

forgiveness that affects cognition and

behavior. Adolescents have reasoning

about forgiveness different from children

and adults and thus forgiveness is

conceptualized as a cognitive development

process. This is in line with the results of the

calculation of mean empirical

categorization forgiveness 12-15 based on

age, youth aged years of 73 are in the high

category, adolescents aged 16-19 years of

79.6 are in the high category and

adolescents of 20-23 years of 76, 80 are in

the high category. Meanwhile, the mean of

empirical empathy categorization based on

age, adolescents aged 12-15 years of 73.5

are in the very high category, adolescents

aged 16-19 years of 68.4 are in the very

high category and adolescents of 20-23

years of 71. 34 is in the very high category.

Stated that women express higher

levels of empathy than men, this is due to

either genetic differences or differences in

socialization experiences. Women are more

likely to be aware of their emotions than

men, share more appreciation and want to

maintain interpersonal relationships with

others. Next, this study shows that

forgiveness women'sis higher than that of

men. This study shows the same results as

the research conducted. Based on the

results of this study, men and women have

significant differences in forgiveness.

Women have forgiveness higher than men.

This is because according to (Wachsmuth,

Jowett, & Harwood, 2018) that men often

enjoy interpersonal conflict and

competition, whereas in women conflict is

more likely to trigger a series of negative

hormones that cause stress and anxiety and

fear. This is also in line with research

conducted by (Marigoudar & Kamble,

2014) that forgiveness is higher for women

than men and empathy for women is

higher than empathy for men.

This is in line with the results of the

calculation of mean empirical

categorization forgiveness based on

gender, adolescents who have parents who

cheat on men are in the high category with

a value of 77.05 and female adolescents are

in the high category with a value of 105.5.

Meanwhile, the mean of empirical

categorization of empathy for adolescents

who have parents cheating on them is in

the very high category with a value of 69.5

and female adolescents are in the very high

category with a value of 98.2.

(Schuller & Watson, 2015) suggested

the influence of education on forgiveness.

One of the important reasons is that

individuals with higher education have

greater opportunities to learn to live

together than individuals with lower

education. Education trains individuals to

live together, including how to resolve

conflicts that take place around them. One

of the most important conflict resolutions

is forgiveness. Adolescents tend to see

themselves and others as what individuals

want them to be, and not as individuals are.

This is in line with the results of the

calculation of mean empirical

categorization forgiveness based on

education, adolescents who have cheating

592 | the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness in Adolescent Who Have a Cheating

Parent

parents with a junior high school education

background are in the medium category

with a score of 55, while adolescents with a

high school education background are in

the very high category with a score of

83.09 , adolescents with MA educational

background are in the high category with a

score of 69.75, adolescents with

educational background Students are in

the high category with a score of 77.02,

adolescents with other educational

backgrounds are in the high category with

a value of 74.3.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of research that

has been carried out to examine the

relationship between empathy and

forgiveness in adolescents who have

cheating parents, it is known that the

hypothesis proposed in this study is

accepted. So it can be concluded that there

is a very significant positive relationship

between empathy and forgiveness in

adolescents who have cheating parents,

where the correlation coefficient value is

0.383 with a significance value of 0.002.

Furthermore, the relationship has a positive

direction, that is, the higher the level of

empathy, the higher the level of

forgiveness (forgiveness). Conversely, the

lower the level of empathy, the lower the

forgiveness. Based on the results of the

description of the research variables, it is

known that the empirical mean value of

forgiveness is 77.03 which means it is in the

high category and the empirical mean of

empathy is 20.81 which means it is in the

very high category. This shows that

respondents are able to do forgiveness

because they have a good level of empathy.

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