JRSSEM 2023, Vol. 02, No. 7, 1463 – 1482

E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494

DOI: 10.36418/jrssem.v2i07.388 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index

THE MEANING OF FRIENDSHIP IN CYBERSPACE: A

PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY ON COVID-19 SURVIVORS

WHO ARE EXPERIENCING ISOLATION IN YOGYAKARTA

Patera Adwiko Priambodo

Wenty Marina Minza

Faculty of Psychology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

e-mail: patera.adwiko.p@mail.ugm.ac.id

*Correspondence: patera.adwiko.p@mail.ugm.ac.id

Submitted

: 15

January 2023

Revised

: 07

February 2023

Accepted

: 27

February 2023

Abstract: The WHO announced that COVID-19 has emerged as a global pandemic that

threatens world health. Besides the implementation of public health protocols as preventive,

curative of positive patients through isolation has also created polemics. Isolation is reported

to cause psychological problems for survivors, such as loneliness and depression due to limited

social contact. One form of constructive social relations that supports psychological well-being

in isolated situations is friendship. The absence of restrictions on using cyberspace during

isolation provides an opportunity for survivors to stay connected to get friendly support for

healing. This phenomenological study aims to review the meaning of virtual friendship by

involving three survivors of COVID-19 who undergo isolation in Yogyakarta. The results found

that virtual friendship can reduce various problems during isolation. This friendship is

interpreted as providing instrumental, informational, and emotional support, and giving rise

to a distinctive meaning in the form of awareness of transcendence.

Keywords: COVID-19; Isolation; Friendship; Cyberspace.

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INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization (WHO)

has officially announced that the Corona

Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has

emerged as a global pandemic that

threatens world health (World Health

Organization, 2020). Now, all levels of the

international community are still struggling

to deal with these health problems.

Statistical data from the Ministry of Health

of the Republic of Indonesia, through

Kemkes.go.id (2020) reported that COVID-

19 cases in Indonesia reached 262,022

cases. A total of 191,853 cases have been

declared cured, followed by active cases in

treatment totaling 60,064, and mortality

cases reaching 10,105 deaths and are

projected to continue to increase.

With the potential for an increase in

the number of COVID-19 cases in the

future, the majority of countries in the

world have implemented various health

protocols as a step to suppress the spread

of the virus infection. The steps taken

include limiting all face-to-face activities in

schools, and offices, and shortening the

operational time of public facilities to

efforts to maintain physical distance

(Loades et al., 2020);(Kucharski et al., 2020).

In addition to the increasing number of

case findings in health aspects, as well as

the existence of protocols related to

physical activity restrictions described

above, socioeconomic, political, and

psycho-social impacts were also found to

be felt as a domino effect of the existence

of the outbreak (Banerjee & Rai, 2020). One

of the real illustrations of the problem is in

the case of individuals who are identified as

positive for COVID-19 and carry out

medical isolation procedures. Applied

isolation does not mean that it is without

consequences. In the physical aspect,

individuals who undergo medical isolation

have the potential to increase the risk of

disease and cardiovascular function

disorders due to limited space as a

comorbidity of their primary disease

(Peçanha et al., 2020). On the other hand,

the restriction of the interaction space of

the individual also restrains a person from

being able to establish social relations

actively and directly with others. This can

have an impact on psychological aspects

that have the potential to cause loneliness

and chronic boredom (Banerjee & Rai,

2020). Another possibility that can interfere

with psychological stability is the potential

for stress, anxiety, depression, frustration,

and feelings of uncertainty (Serafini et al.,

2020). On the other hand, (Serafini et al.,

2020) also found that the general

population of the community, employees

are a vulnerable group that experiences

multi-faceted negative impacts (health,

economic, psychological) from COVID-19,

especially if they undergo isolation in a

pandemic situation like now.

From the findings above, the factor of

limited space in establishing social relations

in individuals undergoing isolation is one of

the main contributors to the emergence of

various problems in survivors. In a situation

of isolation, of course, the support of

constructive social relations is something

that is highly expected to be present in the

patient's daily life.

As one of the manifestations of social

relations, the concept of friendship is still

being studied today related to the effect of

its usefulness. This is because there is a

1465 | The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19

Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

contrast regarding the dualism benefits of

friendship, especially in the context of

being social support for a person. (Baron &

Byrne, 2005), and Gareis (2012) said that

friendship can cause problems if this

relationship is based solely on personal

interests without being followed by other

friendship factors, such as solidarity,

reciprocity, and cooperation. If the

relationship is not immediately addressed

by the parties involved in it, then this

condition has the potential to transform

into a poison of friendship or commonly

known as a toxic relationship (Gareis, 2012).

Instead of providing the support expected

by the individual, the situation is very likely

to cause an uncomfortable atmosphere

both psychologically and physically. The

appearance of anger, resentment, and

aggressive hostile behavior can cause

estrangement between individuals who are

in it, so the worst possibility is the cessation

of friendship ropes in situations that are not

conducive. Behavior-attacking friendships

that exist on social media can also trigger

cyberbullying. (Felmlee & Faris, 2016) in

their study of virtual friendships found that

violence and assault virtually, through

abusive comments and dropping can have

adverse psychological and physical effects

on individuals.

However, many other studies capture

friendships through a more positive

perspective. (Yasin, 2010) found that social

support through friendship can reduce

psychological problems such as stress,

depression, and anxiety. This is in line with

the findings of (Amati et al., 2018) who

found that psychological problems that can

be overcome by individuals with the help of

friendship relationships, can increase a

person's life satisfaction level. In addition to

families that are positioned as internal

microsystems, research by (Taylor et al.,

2016) found that friendship relationships

can be an alternative in creating a sense of

ownership, and comfort and are an

effective source of assistance, both

physically and mentally in the crisis

conditions that individuals face. Although it

has contrasting benefits, from the

discussion above, it can be concluded that

friendship is a potential variable that should

be taken into account to improve a person's

resilience ability in dealing with problems,

as well as having the opportunity to realize

constructive support for COVID-19

survivors.

In the era of modern society like today,

friendship relationships can be sought to

remain easily established through the

existence of cyberspace. Through

cyberspace as a mediator, the concept of

traditional friendship, which originally

could only be started and maintained face-

to-face, has now shifted to secondary

behavior due to the presence of a variety of

online application facilities that allow users

to interact virtually. In 2020, according to

collaborative research by social media

management platform Hoot Suite and

social marketing agency, We Are Social

(Kumparan.com, 2020), found that around

64% of Indonesians already use the internet

to make friends virtually. On the one hand,

Achmad Yurianto, Secretary of the

Directorate General of P2P of the Ministry

of Health (Andayani, 2020; Hijriah, 2018),

said that isolation that limits physical

movement does not prevent individuals

from using cyberspace as a means to stay

connected to their social environment.

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However, the study of cyberspace in

the context of the benefits of social

relations, until now, is still a topic that

continues to raise pros and cons, both

practically and empirically. One study found

that the use of cyberspace related to

psycho-social contexts tends to have less

than expected impacts, such as primacy's

research (2017) which concluded that the

use of cyberspace and social media at

certain levels has the potential to further

narrow the directive social interactions built

by participants, foster individualist

behaviors and cause maladaptive behaviors

such as internet addiction. Other

cyberspace research, however, suggests

otherwise. A literature study conducted by

(Newman et al., 2019) concluded that the

use of cyberspace is felt to be able to

reduce some of the feelings of inclusion,

isolation, and solitude because individuals

will easily know the actual developments

that occur around them and even the

world. This statement is then supported by

the latest research by (Grey et al., 2020) on

COVID-19 patients who are undergoing an

isolation process. This quantitative study

found that there was a significant positive

relationship between social support, one of

which came from friendship relationships,

which resulted in a decrease in the rate of

depression and sleep disturbances during

isolation. From this description, it can be

seen that although it has some unfavorable

impacts, cyberspace still offers several

positive benefits that can be felt by its

users, including for COVID-19 patients in

maintaining their social life.

Therefore, based on the results of

previous studies, the problem encountered

by researchers is that there is no clear

explanation of how the friendship process

through cyberspace contributes and is

interpreted by COVID-19 patients so that

they can survive during the medical

isolation process. Information for

researchers is currently limited to

quantitative findings by (Grey et al., 2020)

regarding the existence of a positive

relationship between friends through

cyberspace and the healing process alone,

without elaborating further on how the

dynamics of the meaning of friendships

lived by these isolated patients.

Study Objectives

The purpose of this study is to review

the dynamics of the meaning of cyberspace

friendship in COVID-19 survivors

undergoing isolation. The importance of

this research was carried out because 1.

There is still limited qualitative research that

explores the dynamics of virtual friendship

relations in the current pandemic situation,

especially in the context of Indonesian

culture. 2. Through the fact of accepting

cyberspace as an alternative world to

modern human interaction, has the

potential to cause typical psychological

dynamics, such as social relations that are

built virtually, especially in pandemic

situations that are worthy of study. 3. The

context of cyberspace itself has two

meaningful effects, both positive and

negative implications in human life today.

Therefore, this issue is considered

necessary to continue to be studied to

enrich science. Through this idea, this

research seeks to review potential evidence

that can be collected and is widely

expected to be able to provide reference

knowledge about the dynamics of

friendship relationships in cyberspace for

1467 | The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19

Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

COVID-19 survivors in Yogyakarta,

Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

The selection of participants in this

study was carried out through purposive

sampling techniques whose data collection

results will be processed using a descriptive

analysis version of Moustakas (la Kahija,

2017). The researcher has determined

specific criteria that have been adjusted to

the purpose of this study, the criteria in

question will be described as follows:

1. COVID-19 survivors with Indonesian

nationality who have the status of

employees of an agency or company,

2. Pernah underwent isolation either

independently or in a referral agency, and

has been declared cured by the relevant

health agency,

3. Domiciled in the Special Region of

Yogyakarta, and

4. Using cyberspace in communicating with

friends during the isolation process.

At the beginning of the preliminary

study, four prospective participants

contacted the researcher and met the

criteria to get an education about the

research process. It's just that at the end

of the selection, namely the approval stage

of informed consent, one candidate

resigned on the grounds of preparation for

childbirth.

This study did not limit the variation in

isolation locations, which of course has

implications for the condition of various

symptoms in each participant. The

existence of different locations and

symptoms allows the discovery of rich

patterns of meaning regarding virtual

friendships during which survivors undergo

isolation, both independently (iceman) and

in hospitals. This is done without prejudice

to the homogeneity aspect which is

maintained through purposive sampling

criteria of the participants themselves. The

brief identities of the three participants are

described in table 1.

Table 1. Participant Demographic Data

Initials

Gender

Age

Profession

Symptom

Isolation

Location

Isolation

Duration

And

Woman

Dentist

Asymptomatic

House

14 days

Woman

Clinical

Psychologist

Light

10 days

Man

Dentist

Light

Guesthouse

14 days

Design

The purpose of this study is to capture

the dynamics of the meaning of cyberspace

friendship in COVID-19 survivors

undergoing isolation. The research design

used is a qualitative method of

phenomenology. In simple terms, a

phenomenology is a form of qualitative

study that seeks to look deeply at a

personal meaning of an event or

phenomenon experienced by an individual

(Creswell, 2014). Phenomenological

qualitative studies are useful in describing

participants' experiences of the

phenomenon they want to deepen in this

Patera Adwiko Priambodo

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study, namely the situation of medical

isolation experienced by COVID-19

survivors. The study results are then

described in the form of a description of the

meaning of the participants' experiences of

a phenomenon experienced and lived.

Moustakas' version of descriptive analysis

(la Kahija, 2017) involves information from

various aspects and themes encountered.

This qualitative research was carried out as

an effort to develop quantitative studies by

(Grey et al., 2020), which found a positive

relationship between the support of social

relations of friendship in reducing the

problem of isolation in COVID-19 patients.

Analysis Techniques

The data analysis carried out in the

study with this phenomenological

qualitative approach is a descriptive

analysis of the Moustakas version. (la

Kahija, 2017) said that this analysis is an

ideal way of identifying the essence of

meaning patterned in an experience or

phenomenon experienced by an individual,

by carrying out epoche and

phenomenological reduction. Generally, in

this phenomenological study, the themes

encountered can be encoded both

inductively (data-driven) from raw

qualitative data (interview transcripts,

biographies, video recordings of

conversations, and so on) and deductively

(theory-driven) based on theories and

previous research results. In conducting the

analysis, researchers also used a special

application of qualitative analysis, namely

QDA Miner Lite v.2.0.7.

Briefly, the analysis in this study was

carried out after the data in the field had

been collected and organized properly. In

other words, the researcher applied

Moustakas' version of descriptive analysis

to determine the core meaning of the

dynamics of cyberspace friendships that

each participant lived, to obtain the

essence of the experience of all

participants. The process will be carried out

when the researcher has obtained a

verbatim transcript of the interview that has

been grouped to make it easier to

understand. The analysis is then carried out

by regularly identifying important and

relevant phenomena and critical moments

based on the sequence of events and

explaining the processes that occurred

during the interview and the possibility of

issues in the interview that are important

and related to the research theme. Broadly

speaking, the steps for implementing

descriptive phenomenological analysis

according to Moustakas (la Kahija, 2017)

are as follows: 1. Researchers run epoche, 2.

Researchers read transcripts many times

until familiar, 3. Researchers run

phenomenological reduction with epoche,

horizonalization, a grouping of themes, and

textural descriptions, 4. Researchers ran

imaginative variations to come up with

structural descriptions of structural

descriptions for each participant, 5.

Researchers made synthesizes for textural

descriptions and structural descriptions of

all participants, 6. Researchers come to the

essence of the experience of all

participants, 7. Reporting on the findings.

In this study, researchers found three main

themes that became the passion of the

participants during isolation.

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Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Participant Background

Participant Y

Y is a woman who works as a dentist in

a teaching hospital in Yogyakarta. Y has the

status of a wife and lives with her husband

at the age of one year of marriage and has

not been blessed with children. Y first

tested positive for COVID-19 at the referral

health center in December 2020 after he

came into contact with a co-worker who

had tested positive first. Because Y is a

survivor with the status of an asymptomatic

person (OTG), puskemas recommends Y

undergo self-isolation at home. Y did

insulation in a house building separate

from the main building (where her husband

lived). In her daily life, Y is assisted by her

husband in preparing food, drink, and

other necessities that are placed at the

door of the room where Y is undergoing

isolation. While in isolation, Y also felt

devastated, saturated, and worried about

the negative stigma of the environment

that would be labeled him as a COVID-19

survivor. Y also felt that his work had been

delayed, especially with practices that

required him to do activities in the hospital.

However, Y is trying to complete some of

the work and activities online, including in

communicating with his friends. Y

underwent isolation for 14 days and tested

negative after consulting with a referral

health center.

Participant W

W is a woman who works as a clinical

psychologist affiliated with two public

service agencies and one research agency

in Yogyakarta. W was the second of three

children, single and living with his nuclear

family consisting of his parents,

grandfather, and sister. W first tested

positive for COVID-19 at the referral health

center in late December 2020 after

undergoing testing with his entire family.

Because W and his family have mild to

moderate symptoms, puskemas

recommends undergoing isolation at a

special COVID-19 emergency hospital. W

runs solitary confinement together in a

room with his mother and sister. In her

daily life, she undergoes independent

activities online and continues to

coordinate with the nurse who handles her

father, because she is in isolation in other

hospitals due to her condition more severe.

While undergoing isolation, W also felt

worried about work, anxious about the

health conditions of his father and

grandfather, and Saturated. However, he

tries to complete some of the work and

activities online, including communicating

with his friends to find solutions to the

problems he faces. W underwent isolation

for 10 days and was allowed to go home by

doctors at the hospital in early January

2021.

Participant H

H is a man who works as a dentist in a

teaching hospital in Yogyakarta. H is a

husband and lives with his wife and two-

year-old child. H and his family first tested

positive for COVID-19 by the referral health

center in early January 2021 with an

unidentified source of contact. Because H

is a survivor with mild to moderate

symptoms, puskemas recommends that H

undergo isolation with his family at a

COVID-19 referral guesthouse. H isolated

themself in one room of the house with his

wife and child. While in isolation, H also felt

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devastated, worried about the health of his

family and work, and worried about the

negative stigma of the neighboring

environment that would be labeled him

and his family as COVID-19 survivors. H

also felt that his work became delayed,

especially with practices that required him

to do activities in the hospital. However, he

tried to complete some of the work and

activities online, including in

communicating with his friends.

Hunderwent 14 days of isolation and tested

negative in late January 2021 by doctors

who control H's condition and his family.

Participant Background Summary

From the interviews conducted, it was

found that the three participants

experienced problems, both personal and

interpersonal during isolation. This

problem can be encountered by survivors

in various isolation locations (both

independently and in hospitals) and forms

a uniform pattern. The participants'

activities were mostly carried out online

when compared to before undergoing

isolation. These activities can be related to

work, as well as related to social

interactions that are carried out to reduce

negative feelings experienced during

isolation.

Main Themes

After going through the verbatim

process, several main themes were found

which were further identified by each

participant as an effort to understand the

dynamics of the situation and the meaning

of friendship through cyberspace as

survivors of COVID-19 who are in isolation.

Several k utopians from verbatim interviews

are displayed to provide illustrations of the

themes presented. The themes referred to

in this study include 1. The transition of the

relation pattern in survivors, and 2. The

meaning of friendship in cyberspace.

The transition of Friendship Relationship

Patterns in Survivors

Participants agreed that there was a

change in relational patterns before and

during isolation. The communication

pattern that participants lived before

isolation was mostly carried out face-to-

face by implementing health protocols,

both in daily activities and at work.

"It's like that, anyway, I'll try to get us to

see you." W.810

"Since the father entered the hospital,

I have been working with the assistant at

my place of practice because that

Monday I still have time for offline

counseling, a normal activity." W.85-87

While undergoing isolation, the

interaction patterns described above

undergo a process of adaptation. This

adaptation appears as a natural effort of

participants in reducing the problems

faced. The three participants said that

during isolation they faced various forms of

problems. These problems can be grouped

into problems that are personal, as well as

interpersonal.

Personal problems are caused by the

perceived positive status of COVID-19 and

limited mobilization. This form of the

problem includes sadness, boredom, and

concern for personal health conditions.

"It turned out to have tested positive. Oh

yes, like that. In the beginning, it must

be like deg like that, how come you hit it

like that." Y.37-38

"Sad, sad because yes positive too."

P.168

1471 | The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19

Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

Interpersonal problems, on the other

hand, are obstacles related to the relational

relationship between the survivor and

others. This issue arises about the

responsibilities as well as the role of

unfulfilled survivors in the environmental

context.

"Actually, in the beginning, actually at

the beginning, I was a little worried, like

I didn't have to be in the hospital, I was

at home. If I'm at home, I can be flexible

in preparing a chapter on my father's

work and needs." W.533-535

This means that communication during

isolation is intensely established through

virtual as survivors are limited to meeting

in person. On the other hand, participants

felt that they needed the help of friends in

reducing the problems encountered during

isolation.

"Some of those colleagues are very

supportive, not only this kind of support

but they are sometimes called children,

new, maybe because in my work

environment, I am the one who gets hit.

So at that time, there was a barrage of

submissions coming like that. This is

who eats, at home, it's just two woi like

that, right." Y.212-216

"When I can't find it, it doesn't matter,

yes I try to use a cellphone, one WA,

there is an IG, use zoom like this, my

friends will also try to get close to me,

contact me. Technology is advanced and

it makes it easier for us, right? If it's

difficult it's not, so far it's still at the stage

of being able to adapt to the situation,

it's different maybe if it's with me,

pegging ya ngeWA, call." H.244-247

The Meaning of Friendship in Cyberspace

Each participant had a similar pattern

of experience, particularly regarding

friendship. Friendship can be interpreted

into four components of support, each of

which has its capacity according to the

problem at hand to meet the actual needs

needed by survivors. These four meanings

can also be categorized into three direct

supports and one indirect support.

Direct support means that assistance

that is, intentionally and visibly given to

participants, can be verbal or material. The

meanings included in this category are:

1. Emotional support, providing support in

reducing emotional and psychological

problems, such as giving affirmations

positive and sharing stories.

"So whether it's support from those who

ask how it's going. It's like I'm just happy

like that." Y.218

2. Informational support, providing support

in the form of knowledge and facts related

to the problems faced at that time, such as

providing advice and information.

"But the information they provided

made me understand what I was dealing

with. " W. 631

3. Instrumental support, which is real, can

be material and help meet a need or

complete a specific task, such as delivering

vitamins, medicine, and food.

"So finally, also friends who are almost in

need of vitamins. So I went straight to

WA this is the vitamins that this needs

and the friends who help find it continue

to send it home, like that." W.688-689

While indirect support is assistance

that is not intended to be given clearly, but

it can unwittingly be a source of strength in

regulating the problem they faced. This

support arises because of the personal

passion experienced by the recipient of

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support. The meanings that fall into this

category are

1. Transcendence awareness, is the support

received is spiritual and helps participants

in making aware of the existence of great

energy beyond human potential. In this

context, survivors feel that the situation

they are facing and the help of friends are

virtual manifestations of God's presence in

their lives.

"The conclusion is that yes maybe this is

indeed the wisdom of friendship from

God, yes, God's way of speaking, God's

way of speaking to His people that let's

remember me again. " P.553

Discussion

Transitioning Patterns of Cyberspace

Friendship Relationships in Survivors

The emergence of COVID-19 has now

transformed not only into a pandemic but

also transformed into a nightmare for an

uncertain global situation. World

governments and people have flocked to

protect their citizens to save the survival of

their citizens. Physical restrictions and

operating hours are now commonly

applied to primary public facilities (such as

banks, hospitals, government offices, and

others) as a preventive measure to

overcome the spread of COVID-19. This is

of course by still paying attention to the

opportunities for every worker and

consumer to interact, provide and receive

services normally (Kucharski et al., 2020).

When participants have not tested

positive for COVID-19 and are in isolation,

in the new normal situation like today they

claim to still be able to carry out activities

like individuals in general. They can serve,

tell stories, discuss, and interact directly.

Work and social interactions that are

established can still be carried out without

significant obstacles, even though in

practice health protocols such as wearing

masks, maintaining distance, and cleaning

yourself immediately after traveling.

"Try to keep 5M, which means keep

wearing a mask. If I still wear a mask

yesterday, wash my hands, go back and

forth to the bathroom like that." Y.84-85

"It's like that, anyway, I'll try to get us to

see you." W.810

However, when survivors tested

positive for COVID-19 and were in isolation,

the new normal as described above

changed. Participants in this study then

positioned online media such as Whatsapp,

Zoom, and Instagram as primary needs in

socially related life.

Self-isolation is one of the curative

efforts that can be applied globally to

individuals who test positive for COVID-19

(Kucharski et al., 2020). The provision of

undergoing isolation both independently

and through health agencies is one of the

absolute regulations that is still universally

valid and is considered medically effective

to suppress the spread of COVID-19 to date

(Kucharski et al., 2020).

On the other hand, the effectiveness

arising from the self-isolation process still

raises pros and cons in its application.

Several recent studies involving COVID-19

survivors in various countries have found

that isolation can create new problems in

the survivor's life sector, both physical and

psychological (Banerjee & Rai, 2020);

(Serafini et al., 2020). From the

psychological side, the problems that are

commonly felt are related to loneliness and

chronic boredom (Banerjee & Rai, 2020).

1473 | The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19

Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

Another possibility that can interfere with

stability from the psychological aspect is

the potential for the emergence of stress,

anxiety, depression, fruit and breast milk,

and feelings of anxiety and uncertainty

(Serafini et al., 2020). This condition can

arise due to the unpreparedness of

individuals to be limited in their activities

spontaneously, resulting in a drastic break

in social contact, either interaction with

family, spouses, or work within a certain

period (Serafini et al., 2020).

Until now, the potential for

transmission of COVID-19 itself is still quite

high in various walks of life. One group that

is at very high risk of contracting is the

professional medical worker in a health

agency. This profession has an important

role in society as the frontline of the

COVID-19 response and is included in the

group with a high risk of exposure,

compared to jobs in other sectors (Giorgi et

al., 2020). This is because this type of work

very often involves workers making contact

and interacting directly with individuals

who may be carrying COVID-19, both those

who have tested positive and

asymptomatic people (OTG) (Giorgi et al.,

2020).

In this study involving medical

personnel who have the status of

employees in health agencies, problems

were also found that intersect with the

results of the studies above, especially

during the time the survivors are exposed

to COVID-19 and undergo isolation.

Through the interview process and analysis

carried out, psychological problems and

other negative impacts were identified. The

problems encountered in this study can

then be grouped into:

1. Personal-psychological problems: These

problems are very individual conditions

and are closely related to emotional

stability. When this problem cannot be

handled properly immediately, the

consequences affected are the

psychological well-being of the individual

concerned, especially in self-functioning to

respond to the situation while undergoing

isolation. Examples of problems in this

category such as the appearance of

sadness, boredom, and concern for

personal health conditions. This problem is

common in all study participants and its

occurrence is caused by a lack of optimal

sense of self-acceptance of status as a

COVID-19 survivor and reactions to normal

activity cycles that change suddenly.

"It turned out to have tested positive. Oh

yes, like that. In the beginning, it must

be like deg like that, how come you hit it

like that." Y.37-38

"Sad, sad because yes positive too."

P.168

2. Interpersonal-professional problems:

these problems relate to relational

relationships that involve the role of a

survivor in his or her social environment.

The relationship in question also talks

about the roles that must be fulfilled as

responsibilities in the family, friendships,

and professional context of the work. The

problems that fall into the interpersonal-

professional category in the study's

findings relate to concerns about the health

of other family members (particularly those

under the care of survivors, such as children

and the elderly), delayed work practices,

and negative stigma from the environment.

The consequences that are obtained when

this problem is not addressed immediately

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are that it can affect the health of the

survivor's family members, decrease in

work performance, and the image of

participants in the context of being citizens

and employees of an agency.

"Actually, in the beginning, actually at

the beginning, I was a little worried, like

I didn't have to be in the hospital, I was

at home. If I'm at home, I can be flexible

in preparing a chapter on my father's

work and needs." W.533-535

One of the reasons cyberspace is a

major need for participants is because of

the factors that arise from problems that

cause discomfort, both psychologically and

professionally at work. Psychologically,

humans will try to solve various problems

to reduce the discomfort encountered in

their lives (Amati et al., 2018). However, not

all individuals have the capacity and can

optimize their ability to face these

obstacles independently. Generally,

individuals, including participants in the

study sought help that was believed to

support them through the barriers. These

friendships then offer effective solutions

such as social support that can provide the

help that the individual hopes to reduce

psychological problems, such as anxiety,

stress, or depression, as well as help in

completing work (Amati et al., 2018); (Taylor

et al., 2016). On the other hand, the

transitional behavior can arise as a

consequence of the fact of limited space of

mobilization which is directive in nature,

while at the same time each productive

individual, such as participants in this study,

still needs to coordinate and carry out

many agendas related to work (Bridgman

et al., 2020).

"Bring the laptop just now, because I

can't keep working on it." W.415

"So for work, there is nothing for me to

meet with patients or co-workers, but

we still meet online, like that". Y.201-203

The second reason that also plays a

role apart from psychological and

occupational problems is the development

of the times, technology, and adapting

instincts as an effort by survivors to reduce

saturation and seek solutions to the

obstacles they encountered during

isolation (Bridgman et al., 2020). (Sikali,

2020) also conveyed a similar concept that

the condition in establishing interactions

virtually tends to strengthen when there is

no individual opportunity to interact face-

to-face with other people, both with family,

friends, and relationships at work. On the

one hand, humans naturally can try to

survive by adapting to maximize their lives

to be stable, including adapting to

communication ((Sikali, 2020). Therefore,

establishing virtual communication is the

most likely option to fulfill this aspect as a

manifestation of adaptability to complete

tasks and responsibilities owned by

survivors. The virtual behavior also

emerged as a form of participants' efforts

to maintain the actualization of knowledge

about the development that they have

made in their social environment when they

do not have the opportunity to interact in

person to create a sense of security.

"Some of the colleagues are very

supportive, not only this kind of support,

but they help coordinate work,

sometimes it's called a child, new, maybe

because in my work environment, I'm

the one who gets it. So at that time,

there was a barrage of submissions

coming like that. This is who eats, at

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Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

home, it's just two woi like that, right."

Y.212-216

In addition, social humans essentially

need to establish and maintain a relational

life or what is known as the need for

affiliation (Sikali, 2020). The situation of

making friends will certainly be different if

it is aligned with the situation of a group of

individuals who are not undergoing

isolation because this group still has the

opportunity to interact and work directly,

while still implementing applicable health

protocols. Therefore, the position of

cyberspace as a related mediator is in

secondary needs for non-isolating groups

(Bridgman et al., 2020). Therefore,

cyberspace is a practical step chosen as a

medium to realize these needs during

isolation for COVID-19 survivors.

Then, if the concept of affiliation is

linked to the study of developmental

psychology, the need for affiliation can be

connected with the status of the

participants as a group of young adult

individuals (early / emerging adulthood).

The need for affiliation and the young adult

phase are two interrelated variables in

understanding the meaning of the affiliate

itself. This passion for the need for

affiliation at this stage of young adult

development is not only limited to the

pattern of individual close relationships and

pouring out affection alone, or in Eric Erik's

son's Psychosocial theory known as the

intimacy vs. isolation stage. However, the

meaning of this concept has evolved, that

building a bond of affiliation in the system

of social relations, including friendships,

also talks about how a person maintains

and maintains the existence of his

interpersonal relationships as in the

professional component to support an

established career journey (Saladino et al.,

2020). In the young adult stage, the

participants of this study, are trying to

organize the future independently and in

the process of breaking away from the

nuclear family environment (parents),

building productivity and financial

resilience independently, and maintaining

existence in their environment (Hochberg

& Konner, 2020).

On the other hand, the ease of

adapting to the application of technology,

to maximize online-based communication,

is a plus for research participants who were

overall born in the era after the 90s. This

generation became known as digital

natives (Kivunja, 2014); Kreighton, 2018) a

group of millennials who are capable of

learning the development and operating

technology. Their activeness in operating

technology wisely can ideally help them in

maximizing the fulfillment of aspects of

their lives (Kivunja, 2014).

Therefore, to meet complex needs as

stated above, when undergoing isolation,

survivors try to adapt by changing their

communication patterns through

cyberspace as a concrete step to meet

these needs by creating and maintaining

these social-professional relationships

virtually (Sikali, 2020); (Saladino et al.,

2020).

"When I can't find it, it doesn't matter,

yes I try to use a cellphone, one WA,

there is an IG, use zoom like this, my

friends will also try to get close to me,

contact me. Technology is advanced and

it makes it easier for us, right? If it's

difficult it's not, so far it's still at the stage

of being able to adapt to the situation,

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it's different maybe if it's with me, I'm

pegging ya to WA, call." H.244-247

The Meaning of Friendship in Cyberspace

With the ease of making friends

through cyberspace, the forms of support

provided in virtual friendship relationships

for survivors have also become very

diverse. Not only in the form of

information, suggestions, and positive

verbal affirmations but also support in

meeting physical and material needs

during the course of living days in an

isolated environment. Of course, this is also

facilitated by the ease of accessing

technology as a communication bridge in

the friendship relationships of survivors.

"So he told people, he told people to be

close. So the point is, thank God, for

such help, which then feels that I can be

quiet, and have a cellphone, but can

coordinate everything from afar because

friends there can provide education, and

some can also provide direct assistance

to meet what needs are needed and so

on, like that." W.660-664

It is this variation of several forms of

support that then presents its value to

survivors in bringing out the meaning of

the friendships they run during isolation. In

this study, four outlines of the meaning of

friendship through cyberspace have been

found in COVID-19 survivors undergoing

isolation, where these four meanings will be

explained as follows:

1. Informational support

As long as they are unable to interact

freely while undergoing isolation, the

friendship relationships that are lived

virtually turn out to assist survivors to

remain exposed to the development of the

outside world. Support in the form of this

information is in the form of public

information (the latest COVID

developments or national and world

government agendas and regulations in

overcoming COVID) as well as personal

information such as advice on medical that

must be consumed, work developments,

and how to care for families when

undergoing isolation.

These two types of information are

important, given that as medical personnel,

participants still need to actualize universal

knowledge about the progress of COVID

development, with the intention that when

these survivors have returned to work and

society, they can adapt to the existing

situation given that the current COVID-19-

related conditions are very dynamic. In

addition, as an individual who works and is

bound in a family system, of course,

survivors have certain roles that must be

fulfilled, either as a person himself or as an

employee, wife, father, brother, and so on.

The personal advice that participants get

from the friendship environment during

isolation can provide relief to strengthen

themselves, educate, and find alternative

ways to fill the gaps in carrying out these

roles.

2. Emotional support

As we know, psychological problems

that arise during isolation are also the main

highlights that are often encountered by

survivors, including the participants of this

study. Therefore, emotional support has a

significant portion in improving mental

well-being. From the statements of the

three participants, this study found that the

emotional support of friendship can be

present in various forms such as through

positive affirmations, listening both ways,

1477 | The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19

Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

or being a medium in exchanging affection

with each other (venting). This fundamental

ability can present its benefits in

eliminating confusion amid saturation and

uncertainty faced by survivors. This

meaning of support can also help survivors

to become much calmer, bring out a sense

of belonging, and better prepare

themselves for the days during isolation.

3. Support Instrumental

Instrumental support is a related

meaning of assistance that is physical, and

tangible and can be used in solving a

specific task. Instrumental support in this

research can be divided into two types,

namely professional and personal.

Professional instrumental support is

motivated by the inability of participants to

be physically present to complete work in

the office, so support such as shift shifts,

practical handling for scheduled patients,

or representing attending meetings,

indirectly helps survivors undergoing

isolation in maintaining a smooth work

career. Meanwhile, in instrumental-

personal support, assistance such as

sending vitamins, food, and entertainment

to children, as well as families left behind

during isolation is also necessary. This

instrumental aid also has a close

relationship with psychological conditions,

since some contexts of psychological

problems during isolation that arise are

also related to temporary physical

limitations that survivors cannot avoid.

4. Transcendence Consciousness

This type of support is essential to

support that is found specifically related to

the presence of friends and that activates

the individual's beliefs about spiritual

energy beyond human ability. (Gorelik &

Shackelford, 2017) define transcendence

consciousness as a person's meaning of the

vertical relationship between each human

being and the highest entity that is the

source of power for the universe.

Specifically, this study discusses the

relationship between participants and God.

Based on the statements of all participants,

the virtual presence of friends is interpreted

as a mediator of attendance and a decrease

in help in life. Friends are described as

manifestations of God's presence that are

sometimes forgotten at a time when life is

stable and pleasant, and make them aware

that God possesses supreme power over

life, including in unpleasant situations.

Friends are likened to help from God in

helping someone to get out of trouble, as

well as God's natural gift for people to need

each other as social beings. This awareness

of transcendence can further influence

creating a sense of gratitude, and

tranquility related to religious coping, and

increased worship behavior for survivors

(Gorelik & Shackelford, 2017).

"Well and I think it's like the presence of

my friends is the bridge that God

presents to help me. I learned from

them, calmed me down and yes it was

like I felt they were God's way of

providing a way out for me and my

family to deal with Covid and all its

effects. Because of what, because in that

condition, I really can't hang on to my

family, right? Because the position is a

family that must be taken care of."

W.614-619

Looking further into the tradition of

earlier social support theory by Don

Drennon-Gala and Francis Cullen (in Kort-

Butler, 2017), the four essences of the

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meaning findings that have been put

forward above can then be regrouped

according to the form of support. This

theory divides into three main categories,

namely: emotional support (related to

psychological stability), informational

(providing information and advice in

dealing with problems), and instrumental

support (real assistance, materially and

physically).

The results of this study are also in line

with the above concepts, as well as

supporting some of the latest similar

findings in the context of social support in

the COVID-19 situation in China carried out

by (Zhuo et al., 2021) so that if categorized,

the findings of this study can be described

as 1. emotional support (sharing positive

affirmations with survivors with each other),

2. informational support (providing

information and advice needed during

isolation), 3. instrumental support (material

support/fulfillment of physical needs and

professional needs).

However, the three categories

proposed by Gala-Cullen (in Kort-Butler,

2017) which were later replicated are not

enough to bridge the dynamics and

complement the context of support found

in this study. There is an additional form of

support that is a strength in this study and

lies in one additional dimension that has

not been discussed before, namely

regarding transcendence awareness. This

awareness of transcendence means that

friendship can be present as a reminder of

drawing closer to God, and friendship itself

is a means of God's help and gift from an

absolute natural consensus in human social

life.

The emergence of transcendence in

addition to being influenced by friendship

can also be closely related to the solidity of

individual passion and cognition as internal

factors, in responding to the spiritual norms

of Indonesian society which developing

society as an external factor (Liem, 2020);

(Ramakrishnan et al., 2015). This condition

explains that the capacity of cognition and

the value of spirituality that is lived and

influenced by the conditions of the social

environment are aspects that contribute to

the presence of transcendence which

remains firmly held to the life of Indonesian

society in general, especially in Yogyakarta.

On the other hand, the meaning of an

individual regarding a phenomenon in the

lens of transcendence itself has often been

associated also as correlating with the

situation at hand, meaning that a person

will tend to be closer to God when they are

faced with an urgent, unpleasant and

death-related situation, and vice versa

(Ramakrishnan et al., 2015). Therefore,

when referring to this concept, the isolation

situation for COVID-19 survivors can be

categorized into these urgent situations, so

the concept of spirituality may become very

strong to live as well dominant as long as

the survivors undergo isolation and this will

tend to be difficult encountered when

reviewed in individuals with more stable

living situations.

"Even though we never know what age

it will die, when, in what way. Well with

this finally yes I was also reprimanded by

my wife, there was a discussion, and

then also by my friends. The conclusion

is that yes maybe this is indeed the

wisdom from God, yes, the way God

speaks, the way God speaks to His

1479 | The Meaning of Friendship In Cyberspace: A Phenomenological Study on Covid-19

Survivors Who Are Experiencing Isolation In Yogyakarta

people that let's remember me again."

H.549-553

In addition, the study found that the

degree of strength of the weak meaning of

friendship support lived by survivors is

determined by what type of needs the

recipient is expecting and what urgency of

support is needed at the time, so the needs

between One individual to another may be

different even though they generally share

the same pattern of meaning during

isolation.

Using cyberspace in general during

isolation also provides other advantages.

Among them, this study found an

opportunity to reconnect communication

between survivors and old friends or social

media friends who after a long time did not

interact with each other. The sophistication

of technology in disseminating information

widely and instantly, such as in status

uploads, stories, or social media feeds has

managed to re-collect memories of

togetherness and empathy from people

who were not even predicted by survivors

to return to say hello virtually.

"Even fellow friends who are called

friends who have the same hobbies,

from friends who have not been in

contact for a long time, because this

isolation becomes contact again." Y.221-

222

"Well then there's also my old friend who

we're also close to as well and I don't

know if I didn't think about telling him if

I was positive. But ya know he just likes

to know my condition, info spread

quickly. He'e. That's him suddenly WA,

he's suddenly WA, I dreamed of you last

night, you're how he's doing, he's like

that." W.637-642

So overall, it can be concluded that the

meaning of friendship support and the

existence of cyberspace as a means of

communication for COVID-19 survivors has

positive benefits, especially in optimizing

life functions that may be hindered by

limited mobilization space. Virtual

friendships in this study are classified as

effective in reducing problems that arise

both personal-psychological (such as

reducing loneliness, anxiety, and worry) as

well as problems interpersonal-

professional for COVID-19 survivors

undergoing isolation.

Research Limitations

Technical Constraints

The technical obstacles faced by

researchers are related to data collection

activities during a pandemic. The appeal to

minimize face-to-face activities, which is

characteristic of qualitative research, poses

challenges to exploring the dynamics of

participants through online media. Of

course, this has an impact on the limited

observation by researchers as a whole of

the natural condition of each participant. In

addition, obstacles that are difficult to

control during interaction with survivors

are related to connection disorders, so this

situation sometimes causes pauses during

interview sessions. This may remove some

information that may change or be

forgotten during a communication break,

even if the connection has stabilized again.

This kind of situation is then reflected by

researchers who may cause distances that

are physically and psychologically close.

Researchers were unable to fully

communicate freely with participants, so

more effort was needed to establish

communication via short messages outside

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| 1480

the interview session to reduce the distance

caused. Another factor that creates a

distance between survivors and researchers

is also explained in the next point.

Limitations of Researchers

Limitations in this study also include

the subjectivity of researchers which can

cause bias in the process of analyzing

research results. The experience of

researchers who have also had the status of

a COVID-19 survivor can affect the

deepening of the problem, the

interpretation process, and the mixing of

personal experiences with the information

submitted by the research participants. As

an effort to minimize the biases caused in

this study, researchers actively apply source

and time triangulation as stated in the

research credibility sub-discussion.

Researchers also conduct member checks

to ensure that the data obtained is not

contaminated by the researcher's personal

experience.

CONCLUSIONS

In line with several studies and the

concept of friendship, participants also

encountered problems experienced while

undergoing isolation due to COVID-19.

Psychological problems and professional

problems related to work are also the

impacts that survivors must face as a

domino effect of isolation. While

undergoing isolation, each participant uses

cyberspace to establish their friendship

relationships to reduce and find a way out

of the problem. This research found that

virtual friendships can be an alternative to

social support that can generate resilience

and capacity to deal with psychological

problems such as anxiety, loneliness, and

concern for survivors, as well as help

survivors to able to complete their work

professionally. Through virtual friendships,

survivors as participants in this study also

felt a pattern of meaning similar to the

concept of friendship support by Don

Drennon-Gala and Francis Cullen, namely in

the form of informational, emotional, and

instrumental support. It doesn't stop there,

the strength of this research lies in the

meaning of other friendships through

cyberspace, namely the presence of

transcendence awareness in all

participants. This meaning is positioned as

a positive thought concept of God's

goodness channeled through friendship in

human life in crises. From the presence of

virtual friendships that have a special role

and meaning, this condition also has an

impact on the level of life satisfaction felt

by the participants.

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for possible open-access

publication

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Commons Attribution (CC BY SA) license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).