JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 02, No. 5, 755 – 768

E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494

DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v2i05.318 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index

THE UNDERSTANDING OF LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL

RESTRICTION POLICY TOWARDS FORMS OF SOCIAL

CITIZENSHIP WITHIN THE JAGAKARSA VILLAGE

COMMUNITY

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

Universitas Nasional, Indonesia

1,2

e-mail: erna.chotim@civitas.unas.ac.id

; ipaniwahda@gmail.com

*Correspondence: erna[email protected]nas.ac.id

Submitted

: 28

November 2022

Revised

: 18

December 2022

Accepted

: 23

December 2022

Abstract: Jakarta is the area with the highest number of health protocol violators on the island of

Java. Social citizenship emphasizes rights and obligations and requires awareness tools, social

responsibilities to be articulated and represented among them through participation. The problem

in this study is formulated with these questions: 1) Is there any influence of the understanding of

the Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB) on the forms of social citizenship within the

Jagakarsa Village community? 2) What is the form of social citizenship of the Jagakarsa Village

community during the implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB)? Here is

the hypothesis, H0: There is no effect of understanding the policy of Large-Scale Social Restrictions

on social citizenship. H1: There is an effect of understanding the policy of Large-Scale Social

Restrictions on social citizenship. This research uses a mixed-method that combines quantitative

and qualitative methods with an explanatory sequential strategy. Respondents and resource

persons in this study are the people of Jagakarsa village. This study concludes that understanding

the policy of Large-Scale Social Restrictions has an effect or gives positive results on the social

citizenship variables. The Jagakarsa village community is categorized into the passive citizenship

type.

Keywords: Social citizenship, Passive Citizenship, Active Citizenship, Large-Scale Social Restriction

Policy (PSBB).

757 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

INTRODUCTION

DKI Jakarta is included in the red zone

and becomes the highest cluster of Covid-

19 spreads, the Large-Scale Social

Restrictions (PSBB) therefore is strictly

implemented. The DKI Jakarta Provincial

Government issued Governor Regulation

No. 79 of 2020 concerning the

Implementation of Discipline and Law

Enforcement of Health Protocols to Prevent

and Control Corona Virus Disease 2019.

This regulates the types of sanctions for

people who violate health protocols and is

designated for everyone, including

individuals or business entities, both those

with and without official permits. Jakarta is

the area with the highest number of health

protocol violators on the island of Java. As

the nation's capital and referred to as a

representation of Indonesia, the people of

Jakarta have an important role in actively

participating in these policies. Social

citizenship generally means measures for

strengthening the opportunities of citizens

to participate both collectively and

individually in planning and decision-

making through active participation. Active

citizens understand their roles, rights and

responsibilities as citizens (Bucholz et al.,

2020; Jensen, 2019).

Source: Directorate of Civil Service Police and Community Protection, Ministry of Home

Affairs. Data reprocessed by the author, 2020

In the context of the spread of Covid-19,

which is becoming increasingly out of

control, public participation is the main key

to success in preventing the spread of the

outbreak, since the government cannot

work alone. Social awareness of the

community to be part of efforts to contain

the spread of Covid-19 is still very low.

Whereas in the context of a democratic

Indonesian society, citizen participation is

an important part of various strategic

policies of people's lives. Without the

involvement of citizens, the tendency of the

state to become authoritarian becomes

very open (O’Dwyer et al., 2022; Arifin,

2016)

Ideas and notions about citizenship,

especially social citizenship, are important

to be raised. Not only in the context of the

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

DKI

Jakarta

Jawa

Barat

Jawa

Tengah

D.I.Y Jawa

Timur

Banten

Data on Violations of Law Enforcement and Discipline of

Health Protocols in Java

for the Period August-October 2020

Data Pelanggaran

Penegakkan Hukun dan…

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

| 758

current pandemic, but also of a more

advanced society, social citizenship

encourages the more active participation of

various circles of society in existing issues

within society, the point of which is to

develop ideas from the community/citizens

themselves that allow them to have greater

and wider well-being. Yet, on the other

hand, it is also the responsibility of the

community itself so that it does not burden

the state (Buchholz et al., 2020; Bee & Kaya,

2016)

Citizenship is always understood in

terms of one's responsibility as part of a

citizen who also chooses rights after

carrying out obligations. In practical terms,

a right for citizens is not something

someone can just accept, but something

that must be fought for. For example, when

someone experiences eviction by the

government, land disputes between

citizens and companies, and so on. The

understanding of classical citizenship, or

rather the most common definition in

Indonesia which revolves around rights and

obligations, is not very adequate in

providing explanations related to political

phenomena such as today. Humans also

have a very close relationship with their

citizenship status. Which citizenship status

can be in the form of rights and obligations

that exist in each person. We as Indonesian

citizens, should be able to carry out the

obligations that the state has given us and

we have the right to get what we want as

long as it is good (Van Vu, 2022; Sun & Lu,

2020).

This citizenship status must be owned by

everyone, so everyone must be kind and

wise when we in a state system. Indonesia

has so many islands, of which this island

must have its own character, from ethnicity,

religion, race, customs, culture, habits, and

so on, it must be different from one island

to another. We are indeed allowed to have

or believe in an ethnicity, religion, race,

customs, culture, habits and so on that are

different from others, but keep in mind that

we are citizens of a country who must

comply with existing laws and regulations

or have been made by this country.

Literature review

Citizenship

Citizenship is a relationship between the

individual and the state in which the

individual has allegiance and in turn, is

entitled to the state’s protection.

Citizenship implies a status of freedom with

the responsibilities that come with it.

Citizens have certain rights, obligations,

and responsibilities that are denied or only

partially granted to foreigners and non-

citizens living in a country. In general, full

political rights, including the right to vote

and hold public office, are based on

citizenship. The usual civic responsibilities

are loyalty, taxation, and military service

(Treviño et al., 2021; Leduc, 2013).

Citizenship is the most privileged form of

nationality. This broader term denotes

various relationships between individuals

and the state which do not necessarily

confer political rights but imply other

privileges, particularly protection abroad. It

is a term used in international law to denote

all persons entitled to be protected by a

state. Nationality also serves to show the

relationship with the state of entities other

than individuals; companies, ships and

759 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

aeroplanes, for example, have citizenship

(Cohen, 2019).

The concept of citizenship first appeared

in cities and city-states in Ancient Greece,

which generally applied to property owners

except for women, slaves, or poorer

members of society. A citizen of a Greek

city-state is entitled to vote and subject to

taxes and military service. The Romans first

used citizenship as a means to distinguish

the inhabitants of the Rome City from those

whose territories had been conquered and

incorporated by Rome. As the empire

continued to grow, the Romans gave

citizenship to their allies throughout Italy

and then to other Romans, until in AD 212

they extended the citizenship to all free

residents of the empire. Roman citizenship

provided important legal rights within the

empire (Berenschot, 2016; Barry, 2015;

Leduc, 2013).

There are two main systems used to

determine citizenship at birth: ius soli,

where citizenship is acquired at birth within

the territory of the country, regardless of

the nationality of the parents; and ius

sanguinis, whereby a person, wherever

born, is a citizen of the state if at the time

of his/her birth, one of his/her parents is

the citizen of the state. The United States

and British Commonwealth countries

adopted ius soli as their basic principle;

they also recognize the acquisition of

citizenship by descent but are subject to

strict restrictions. Other countries generally

adopt ius sanguinis as a basic principle,

supported with provisions for obtaining

citizenship if there is a combination of birth

and domicile in that state, birth in the

country where the parent was born, and so

on (Calzada, 2020; Hans et al., 2021; Hooper

& Uhomoibhi, 2020)

Social Citizenship

The idea of social citizenship derives

primarily from the work of the British

sociologist, TH Marshall and, in particular,

his 1949 essay Citizenship and Social Class.

Marshall divides citizenship into three

parts: civil, political and social citizenship.

These strands correspond to three

relatively different historical periods. Social

citizenship began to emerge in the

twentieth century. According to Marshall,

social citizenship includes a wide range of

rights ranging from the right to economic

welfare and security to the right to be fully

in the social heritage and live according to

the standards prevailing in society

(Morgan, 2017; Edmiston, 2018). Social

citizenship emphasizes rights and

obligations. Social citizenship requires

awareness tools, social responsibilities

articulated and represented among them

through participation. According to Isin

(2009) states that citizenship, as a "subject-

relationship," is built on a shared

understanding of interrelationships, moral

status, and shared responsibilities, which

can be disputed, which distinguishes the

concept of global citizenship.

Lister (Berenschot, et al., 2016) makes a

distinction between 'being a citizen'

(enjoying the citizenship rights necessary

for social and political participation) and

'acting as a citizen' (actively fulfilling those

rights). As an active citizen, it is necessary

to direct the emphasis on 'social

participation' and the various ways in which

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

| 760

people fully participate in the problem at

hand (in this context of discussion namely

Covid-19) through their actions, choices,

relationships and contributions. Wiener

(2018) in his seminal paper argues for a

model of social citizenship in which

participation is based on reciprocity and

inter-subjectivity negotiations (Cardullo,

2020). According Stoyanov et al., (2019) in

a similar vein argues that the difference

centred approach to citizenship based on

rights and equality gives rise to a horizontal

model of citizenship (Tarozzi & Torres,

2016).

The institutions most closely linked to

social citizenship are the education system

and social services such as public health

services and housing. Broadly speaking,

social citizenship in the modern era can be

understood from the point of view of the

status equality principle. Thus, social

citizenship refers to the rights, obligations,

and social institutions that play a role in

building and supporting equal status in

society. For Marshall, the point is not to

eradicate income inequality, but to achieve

equality of status across social structures. In

other words, the concept of social

citizenship highlights the need to look

beyond formal legal and political rights and

obligations to gain a fuller appreciation of

what it takes to participate in or be a

member of a community. Citizenship is also

about non-political capacities directly

related to access to social resources

(Alvarez et al., 2018), a political system with

equal citizenship is, in reality, less than

equal if it is part of a society divided by

unequal conditions. Question mark: (1)

There is no effect of understanding the

policy of Large-Scale Social Restrictions on

social citizenship; (2) there is an effect of

understanding the policy of Large-Scale

Social Restrictions on social citizenship

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study used a quantitative and

qualitative method, there are several

models in mixed methods research,

including convergent parallel, explanatory

sequential, exploratory sequential,

transformative, embedded, and multiphase

mixed methods (Newton & Knight, 2022).

The strategy used in this study is

explanatory sequential. This approach

involves two phases. In the first phase, the

researcher collects quantitative data,

analyses the results and then uses the

results to plan the second phase, which is

qualitative. This design is overall

designated to support the qualitative data

explain in detail the initial quantitative

results. Specific procedures may involve the

survey data collection in the first phase,

data analysis and then follow-up with

qualitative interviews to help explain the

survey responses (Creswell, 2016:4-5).

Qualitative research method is one type

of method to describe, explore and

understand the meaning that is considered

by a number of individuals or groups of

people from social or humanitarian

problems. The qualitative research process

involves important efforts, such as asking

questions and procedures, collecting

specific data from participants, analyzing

data inductively from specific themes to

general themes, and interpreting the

meaning of the data. The final report for

this research has a flexible structure or

framework. Anyone involved in this form of

761 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

research must apply a research perspective

that is inductive style, focuses on individual

meaning, and translates the complexity of

a problem (Hilde et al., 2021; Creswell

2016:4-5).

This method discusses the design used

in the research and in this case, the use of

qualitative research and its basic intent.

This section also discusses the research

sample and the overall data collection and

recording procedures. Furthermore, it

discusses the steps of data analysis and the

methods used to present the data, interpret

it, validate it, and show potential research

results. In contrast to other designs, the

qualitative approach involves comments by

the researcher about his or her role and the

particular type of qualitative strategy used.

In addition to this, because the structure of

writing qualitative research may be quite

varied from one study to another (Kumar et

al., 2017; Bradshaw et al., 2017)

The explanation of the researcher's role

will also determine the explanation of the

problems that arise in the data collection

process including efforts to limit research,

gather information through observation

and interviews, whether structured or not,

documentation, visual materials, and

design protocols for designing information.

The selection of 34 informants’ women

workers was carried out using a purposive

sampling strategy, where the purposive

sampling strategy required informants who

were selected based on the considerations

of the researcher with a specific purpose to

be used as informants with those who best

knew the information to be studied.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a. Forms of Social Citizenship of the

Jagakarsa Village Community

During the Implementation of

Large-Scale Social Restriction

Policy

Jagakarsa Village is one of six villages in

Jagakarsa District, South Jakarta

Administrative City. The postal code of

Jagakarsa Village is 12620. This area has an

area of 4.85 km

or 19.39% of the area of

the Jagakarsa District. Jagakarsa Village

consists of 7 neighbourhoods (RW), the

major population is Muslim. This village

divides the neighbourhood’s based on the

village. The villages in the Jagakarsa

include: Babakan, famous for its Setu

Babakan (RW 01), Jagakarsa (RW 02,05,07),

Kelapa Tiga (RW 03) and Kampung

Kandang (RW 04, 06).

The test results for this study shows that

a person's understanding of the Large-

Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy has a

positive and significant influence on the

forms of social citizenship within the

community. The result of hypothesis

testing in this study indicates that H0 is

rejected and H1 is accepted. This means the

variable understanding of the Large-Scale

Social Restrictions policy (X) has an effect

or gives positive results on the variable

forms of social citizenship (Y). This is

evidenced by the significant value < 0.05,

which is 0.000 < 0.05. In addition to looking

at the comparison of significant values, also

looking at the comparison of the results of

the Pearson Correlation that is 0.488 >

0.165 (r count > r table). It correlates with a

moderate degree of correlation and the

form of a positive relationship. The

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

| 762

influence given by the variable X on the

variable Y has a close relationship of 0.488

or 48.8%. A positive relationship implies

that the higher the public's understanding

PSBB policy, the more social citizenship

forms the community has (active

citizenship) and vice versa. The lower the

public's understanding of PSBB policy, the

fewer forms of social citizenship the

community citizenship has (passive

citizenship).

The results of this study correspond with

the concept used, namely social citizenship.

Active citizenship emphasizes the right to

participate, especially as citizens. It requires

awareness tools, social responsibilities

articulated and represented among them

through participation. Regarding the

current Covid-19 pandemic, where almost

all countries experience limited energy and

resources, the participation of active

citizens seems very important. The

formulation of various policies and

prevention programs in emergencies is not

enough to rely solely on the state, but there

must be participation from the community

so that response efforts are effective

(Ahmad et al., 2012; Kaur & Randhawa,

2021).

Referring to the research findings above,

the Jagakarsa Village community has the

passive citizenship type, that is the rights of

citizens enjoyed as given by or upon the

state. Or in other words, the state is obliged

to fulfil the rights of every citizen regardless

of whether or not there is any form of

community participation or contribution.

Dissemination has been carried out in

various ways and has reached various

groups, also there is a good level of

community participation in the

enforcement of the rules. Currently, all

people are wearing masks. But when they

are inside the neighbourhood and no

officers are monitoring them, they don't

use masks when doing activities outside

the home. This appears from the answers of

those who have been interviewed, that

most of them expressed their disapproval if

they must lose their rights as citizens in

health services for committing violations. In

other words, the public has a perception

that the rights of citizens must still be

fulfilled by the state under any conditions.

In the context of this research, people can

be called active citizenship if they continue

to apply health protocols, regardless of the

existence of officers for monitoring them or

taking action without having to be told

repeatedly about using masks when they

are outside the home. From the data found,

people use masks based on their

compliance with the rules, not because of

self-awareness (Stevenson et al., 2015)

Social citizenship has two forms, namely

active citizenship and passive citizenship.

Active citizenship requires awareness tools

from related individuals and social

responsibility, one of which is represented

by the active participation of the

community in every government

performance. The results of the research

above show that people still rely heavily on

the role of the government during the

Covid-19 pandemic, one of which is on the

compensation they must receive. The

concept of full social rights in the form of

extensive social and health care without the

participation and social awareness of the

community towards their position as

citizens will make the Covid-19 response

763 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

policy ineffective and one-sided. The

efforts only come from the state while the

people have no participation. The concept

of ideal citizenship that needs to be

encouraged is to open up and strengthen

opportunities for citizens to participate

both collectively and individually in

planning and decision-making regarding

social security and health care (Öztürk &

Yeşilbursa, 2021; Gentile, 2017).

b. The social psychology for

Jagakarsa community as a social

civic shaper

According to Rosmawati and Hasanal

Mulkan in the book Citizenship Education

(2020), juridically, citizenship is defined as a

legal or official bond between residents of

a country (citizens) and their country. Also

read: The Role of Citizenship Education in

State Defense This juridical relationship is

binding and can lead to certain legal

consequences. Juridical citizenship can also

be interpreted as a citizen who is under the

power of a state. Like it or not, citizens must

comply with applicable laws. Quoted from

the book Citizenship Science (Civics) (2020)

by Titik Susiatik, the most important thing

in a juridical sense of citizenship is the

establishment of legal ties, which are

marked by the assertiveness of individuals

to become part or residents of a country.

Legal ties in the realm of juridical

citizenship can take the form of a birth

certificate, statement letter, Identity Card

(KTP), Family Card (KK), proof of citizenship,

and so on.

The emotional bond grows from the

community and culture in which they live. A

person can be said to have sociological

citizenship, if he has a cultural appreciation,

behavior, and way of life like a citizen of

that country. When viewed in terms of

emotional ties, a person can be said to have

sociological citizenship. However, it does

not apply to citizenship legally, because the

required condition is not emotional

attachment, but the ratification of official

documents related to citizenship. On the

other hand, a person can have citizenship

legally, but not sociologically. Because the

person does not live his life as a citizen, and

does not have an emotional bond with his

country.

In the concept of this norm is to provide

guidelines for someone to behave in

society. The strength of binding these

norms is often known by four meanings,

including usage, folkways, mores, and

customs (Arifin, 2016). In general, this norm

is a concrete value. Created to be a guide

for each individual to behave in accordance

with the rules that apply in society. Related

to this, Gelderblom (2018) explains that

values are contained in a social network.

Thus, it can be said that the position of

these values is important as a binder or

adhesive-cohesive uniting in a relationship

(Herbison et al., 2016). In general, norms

that are formed spontaneously tend to be

informal, meaning that they are not written

down and announced. In addition to

extending social norms, ranging from

hierarchical social norms to spontaneous

norms, we can also extend other norms

resulting from rational choice, as well as

hereditary and rational norms (Harris &

Orth, 2020; Zellweger et al., 2019) explains

that norms are shared values that regulate

individual behaviour in a group.

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

| 764

Substantially, the goal of Citizenship

Science is actually very close to the goal of

ensuring the continuity of the nation and

state. In the proposal of the Working Body

of the Central Indonesian National

Committee (BPKNIP) dated December 29,

1945, it was stated that education and

teaching must guide students to become

citizens who have a sense of responsibility,

which was then formulated by the Ministry

of Education, Teaching and Culture in terms

of educational objectives to educate true

citizens who are willing to contribute their

energy and thoughts to the state and

society” with the characteristics of a feeling

of devotion to God Almighty; feelings of

love for the country; feelings of love for the

nation and culture; feeling entitled and

obliged to participate in advancing their

country according to their nature and

strength; the belief that people are an

integral part of the family and society;

belief that people who live in society must

obey the rules; the belief that basically

humans are equal so that fellow members

of society must respect each other based

on a sense of justice by holding fast to self-

respect; and the belief that the state needs

citizens who work diligently, know their

obligations, and are honest in thought and

action (Philpot et al., 2021; Harris & Orth,

2019; Yang et al., 2016).

Citizens or citizens are people who live

in a certain area and people in relation to

the state. In the relationship between

citizens and the state, citizens have

obligations to the state and vice versa

citizens also have rights that must be

granted and protected by the state. In

international relations in every territory of

the country there are always citizens and

foreigners who are all called residents.

Every citizen is a resident of a country, while

every resident is not necessarily a citizen.

There is one very interesting community,

namely the Jagakarsa community in

carrying out social citizenship activities

through non-formal education. This is real,

when other groups convey their thoughts,

views, and ideals with poor delivery, this

community comes with things and goals

that are very commendable. They are

present with a new in a non-formal

education in the middle of the genre of

society which actually requires a renewal in

the process of a learning. It was founded by

several young people who work as

journalists, because at first, they were

worried about the lack of a place for

discussion, and the lack of a reading room

(Harris & Orth, 2019)

Citizenship is a person's membership in

a particular political unit (specifically: the

state) which carries the right to participate

in political activities. Someone with

membership were called citizens. A citizen

has the right to have a passport from the

country he is a member of. Citizenship is

part of the concept of citizenship (English:

citizenship). In this sense, residents of a city

or district are referred to as city residents or

district residents, because both are also

political units. In regional autonomy, this

citizenship becomes important, because

each political unit will give different (usually

social) rights to its citizens. Citizenship has

similarities with nationality (English:

nationality). What makes the difference is

the right to be active in politics. It is

possible to have a nationality without being

a citizen (for example, being legally subject

to a state and entitled to protection without

765 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

having the right to participate in politics). It

is also possible to have political rights

without being a member of the nation of a

country (Song et al., 2021).

Citizenship is a member of a political

community (state), and with it carries the

right to participate in politics. A person with

such membership is called a citizen. The

term is generally similar to nationality,

although it is possible to have a nationality

without being a citizen (for example, being

legally a subject of a state and entitled to

protection without having the right to

participate in politics). It is also possible to

have political rights without being a nation

of a country. This arrangement regarding

citizenship is usually determined based on

one of two principles, namely the 'ius soli'

principle or the 'ius sanguinis' principle.

What is meant by 'ius soli' is a principle that

is based on the legal understanding of the

land of birth, while 'ius sanguinis' is based

on the principle of blood relations.

Citizenship and citizenship are two things

that are related to each other. Citizens (with

the provisions of citizens) are individuals

who reside in a certain country. In the 2006

Law concerning Citizenship in Law number

12 of the year an article 1 point 2

"citizenship” (is all matters relating to

citizens)

All citizens can enjoy this civilized life not

only because of the implications of their

activeness in the labor market, but rather as

a direct result of their political membership

as citizens. Thus, in this view, we can see

that the issue of the rights of citizens

affected during the pandemic must be

equal under any circumstances. When the

PSBB policy is enforced, the informal

working class may not get an income

during the pandemic, as well as other

vulnerable groups. In addition, there have

also been cases of stigmatization of

medical personnel, and expulsion from

their place of residence. This is the result of

disseminating inaccurate information by

the government, resulting in the public

getting incomplete information and taking

the wrong attitude and this is a form of

violation of the rights of citizens. Therefore,

in guaranteeing the rights of citizens, the

government must pay attention to the

working class who does not get an income

during the pandemic, it must also be

guaranteed to get their social rights. In

addition, all vulnerable groups must have

equal rights in social policy. This means that

in this case the policies made by the

government must consider the needs of

marginalized groups, both economically

and socially. Namely, related to citizenship

rights, both rights are recognized socio-

culturally, the right to a more equitable

distribution of welfare, as well as the right

to participate and be represented politically

(Naidoo, 2022; Kalpana, 2019).

The pandemic creates a double

vulnerability because the system and

culture that regulates life so far still relies

on the exclusion of many groups of people.

For this reason, the issue of health and

discrimination that has been experienced

by marginalized groups must be overcome,

by fulfilling the rights of citizens who are

more inclusive. For this reason, in

formulating a policy, the government must

also look at how the policy has reached all

levels of society. Moreover, about the

importance of social protection for

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

| 766

informal workers in particular and

vulnerable groups in general. Social

protection is not only needed during crisis

situations but also in normal situations.

That's because in normal life the living

conditions of informal workers are unstable

and vulnerable to being trapped in poverty.

Without social protection, informal

workers, vulnerable groups will continue to

live in uncertainty, and in times of crisis, not

only their hope will be lost but also their

lives may be lost.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of hypothesis testing in this

study indicate that H0 is rejected and H1 is

accepted. This means that the variable

understanding of the policy of Large-Scale

Social Restrictions (X) has an effect or gives

positive results on the variable form of

social citizenship (Y). The influence given by

the X on the variable Y has a close

relationship of 0.488 or 48.8%. A positive

relationship means that the higher the

public's understanding of the Large-Scale

Social Restriction (PSBB) policy, the more

forms of social citizenship the community

has (active citizenship) and vice versa, the

lower the public's understanding of the

Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy,

the fewer forms of social citizenship the

community has (passive citizenship).

Referring to the research findings above,

the Jagakarsa Village community has is a

passive citizenship type, that is the rights of

citizens enjoyed as given by or upon the

state. Or in other words that the state is

obliged to fulfil the rights of every citizen

regardless of the absence of any form of

the community’s participation or

contribution. Active citizenship is based on

active participation and it is a product of

the individual's awareness. Regarding this

research, people can be called active

citizenship if they continue to apply health

protocols, whether or not there are officers

who monitor them or take action without

having to be told repeatedly about using

masks when they are outside the home.

From the data found, people use masks

based on their compliance with the rules,

not because of their self-awareness.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, F. Rahim, S.A., Pawanteh, L., Ahmad,

A.F., Hisham, M.F., & Ahmat, Z.N.R,

(2012), Social citizenship: Rights,

participation and responsibilities of

young people,

Asian Social Science

8(5), pp.132-140

Arifin, A. (2016), Functions of traditional

ceremony in large-scale fishing

communities in Takalar District, South

Sulawesi Province, Indonesia,

Social

Sciences

, 11(23), pp.5786-5790.

Alvarez, S.E., Dagnino, E., & Escobar, A.

(2018).

Cultures of Politics Politics of

Cultures: Re-Visioning Latin American

Social Movements.

London:

Routledge.

Barry, P.C. (2015).

Negotiating active

citizenship: Young people’s

participation in everyday spaces. In:

Politics, Citizenship and Rights

Geographies of Children and Young

People. London: Springer

Buchholz, B.A., DeHart, J. & Moorman, G.

(2020), Digital Citizenship During a

Global Pandemic: Moving Beyond

Digital Literacy,

Journal of Adolescent

767 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

and Adult Literacy,

64(1), pp.11-17

Bee, C. & Kaya, A. (2016). Youth and active

citizenship in Turkey: engagement,

participation and emancipation,

Southeast European and Black Sea

Studies,

17(1), pp.129-143

Berenschot, W., Nordholt, S., & Bakker, L.

(2016).

Citizenship and

Democratization in Southeast Asia.

Netherlands: Brill Open.

Bradshaw, C., Atkinson, S., & Doody, O.

(2017). Employing a Qualitative

Description Approach in Health Care

Research,

Global Qualitative Nursing

Research,

4, pp.1-8

Calzada, I. (2020),

Smart City Citizenship,

United Kingdom: Elsevier.

Cardullo, P. (2020),

Citizens in the 'Smart

City': Participation, Co-Production,

Governance

. London: Rotuledge

Cohen, A. (2019).

Typologies of Citizenship

and Civic Education: From Ideal Types

to a Reflective Tool. The Palgrave

Handbook of Citizenship and

Education

Creswell, J.W. & Poth, C.N. (2016).

Qualitative Inquiry and Research

Design: Choosing Among Five

Approaches,

Singapore: SAGE

Publications.

Edmiston, D. (2018).

Welfare, Inequality and

Social Citizenship: Deprivation and

Affluence in Austerity Britain.

Britol:

University of Bristol Press.

Gelderblom, D. (2018), The limits to

bridging social capital: Power, social

context and the theory of Robert

Putnam,

Sociological Review,

66(6),

1-18

Hans, A., Kannabiran, K., Mohanty, M., &

Pushpendra, P. (2021),

Migration,

Workers, and Fundamental Freedoms

Pandemic Vulnerabilities and States

of Exception in India,

India:

Routledge.

Stevenson, C., Dixon, J., Hopkins, N., & Luyt,

R. (2015), The Social Psychology of

Citizenship, Participation and Social

Exclusion: Introduction to the Special

Thematic Section,

Journal of Social

and Political Psychology,

3(12), pp.1-

Jensen, B. (2019), ‘Perceived social

citizenship’: a comparative study

between two different hukous.

Citizenship Studies

, 23(4) pp.1-17

Gentile, V. (2017). Democratic justice: the

priority of politics and the ideal of

citizenship,

Critical Review of

International Social and Political

Philosophy.

20(2), pp.211-221

Harris, M.A., & Orth, U. (2020). The link

between self-esteem and social

relationships: A meta-analysis of

longitudinal studies.

Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology,

11(9), pp.1459-1477

Herbison, J.D., Benson, A., Martin, L.J. (2016)

Intricacies of the friendship-cohesion

relationship,

Sport & Exercise

Psychology Review

, 13(1), pp.10-23

Huizenga, H.M., Zadelaar, J., & Jansen, B.R.J.

(2021). Quantitative or qualitative

development in decision making?

Journal of Experimental Child

Psychology

, 210, pp.1-16

Hooper, l.O., & Uhomoibhi, J. (2020),

Erna Ermawati Chotim

Ipani Wahdaniatun

| 768

COVID-19: Impact on E-Learning,

Capabilities for Development and

Digital Citizenship in Emerging

Economies,

Proceedings of 25th

International Conference on e-

Learning as a Solution during

Unprecedented Times in the 21st

Century (INSPIRE 2020).

Isin, E.F. (2008).

Recasting the social in

citizenship

, Toronto: University of

Toronto Press.

Kaur, K., & Randhawa, G. (2021), Exploring

the influence of supportive

supervisors on organisational

citizenship behaviours: Linking

theory to practice

, IIMB Management

Review,

33(2), pp.156-165

Kalpana, K. (2019). Defending Informal

Workers’ Welfare Rights: Trade Union

Struggles in Tamil Nadu,

Global

Labour Journal,

10(3), pp.209-223

Kumar, R., Sachan, A., & Mukherjee, A.

(2017), Qualitative approach to

determine user experience of e-

government services,

Computers in

Human Behavior,

71, pp.299–306.

Leduc, R. (2013). “

Global Citizenship

Instruction Through Active

Participation: What Is Being Learned

About Global Citizenship?, The

Educational Forum

” 77(4), pp.394-

406.

Morgan, B. (2017).

Social citizenship in the

shadow of competition: The

bureaucratic politics of regulatory

justification (Law, Justice and Power).

England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Naidoo, R.N. (2022). Protecting the

Unprotected – Occupational health

and safety among informal workers in

Southern Africa,

Safety and Health at

Work

, 13, pp.1-13

Newton, C. & Knight, R. (2022),

Handbook

of Research Methods for

Organisational Culture.

Cheltenham:

Edward Elgar Publishing,

O’Dwyer, E. Gustavo, L. Souza, S. &

Beascoechea‐Seguí, N. (2022).

Rehearsing post‐Covid‐19

citizenship: Social representations of

UK Covid‐19 mutual aid.

British

Journal of Social Psychology,

61(4),

pp.1245-1262.

Öztürk, F. & Yeşilbursa, C.C. (2021), The

Story of the Ideal Citizen in Turkey: A

Narrative Inquiry on the Perspectives

of Prospective Social Studies

Teachers,

Egitim ve Bilim,

46, pp. 285-

314

Philpot, L.M., Ramar, P., Roellinger, D.L.,

Barry, B.A., Sharma, P., & Ebbert, J.O.

(2021), Changes in social

relationships during an initial “stay-

at-home” phase of the COVID-19

pandemic: A longitudinal survey

study in the U.S.,

Social Science and

Medicine,

274, pp.1-7

Sun, Q., & Lu, N. (2020), Social capital and

mental health among older adults

living in urban China in the context of

COVID-19 pandemic,

International

Journal of Environmental Research

and Public Health,

17(21), pp.1-11

Song, L., Pettis, P.J., Chen, Y., & Goodson-

Miller, M. (2021). Social Cost and

Health: The Downside of Social

Relationships and Social Networks,

Journal of Health and Social Behavior,

62(3), pp.371-387

Stoyanov., A., Gerganov, A., & Yalamov, T.

769 | The Understanding of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy Towards Forms of Social Citizenship

Within The Jagakarsa Village Community

(2019). Center for the Study of

Democracy in Most. Bulgaria: Center

for the Study of Democracy.

Tarozzi, M. & Torres, C.A. (2016).

Global

Citizenship Education and the Crises

of Multiculturalism.

Oxford:

Bloomsbury.

Treviño, E., Carrasco, D., López, N., Carmen,

H., & Zúñiga, G. (2021).

Good

citizenship for the next generation. A

global perspective using IEA ICCS

2016 data.

New York: Springer.

Vu, T., Vo-Thanh, T., Nguyen, N.P., Nguyen,

D.V. & Chi, H. (2022). The COVID-19

pandemic: Workplace safety

management practices, job

insecurity, and employees’

organizational citizenship behavior,

Safety Science,

145, pp.1-12.

Wiener, A. (2018),

'European' Citizenship

Practice: Building Institutions of a

Non-State

, New York: Routledge

Yang, Y.C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, K.,

Schorpp, K., Harris, K.M. (2016). Social

relationships and physiological

determinants of longevity across the

human life span.

Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences of the

United States of America,

113(3),

pp.578-583

Zellweger, T.M., Chrisman, J.J., Chua, J.H., &

Steier, L.P. (2019). Social Structures,

Social Relationships, and Family

Firms.

Entrepreneurship: Theory and

Practice,

43(2), pp.207-223

Submitted

for possible open access

publication

under the terms and conditions of the

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA)

license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-

sa/4.0/).