JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 02, No. 3, 368 – 381
E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494
DOI: 10.36418/jrssem.v2i03.277 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem
DETERMINANTS OF THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR
SOLID WASTE RECYCLING AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN
ILEMELA, TANZANIA
Stanslaus Rupia
Department of Economics Student, St. Augustine University of Tanzania Master of Arts in
Economics
*
e-mail: standodoma@gmail.com
*Correspondence: standodoma@gmail.com
Submitted
: 15 October 2022
Revised
: 23 October 2022
Accepted
: 10 November 2022
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the determinants of willingness to pay for solid wastes
recycling among households in Ilemela District, Mwanza-Tanzania. The study design was a
cross-sectional survey design which was conducted among households residing in Ilemela
District. A multistage sampling technique was useful for selecting representative samples from
every ward. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain data from study participants. Data
was analyzed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression was used in analyzing the factors
influencing household’s willingness to pay for solid waste recycling and ordinary least square
regression was used to estimate the effect of socio-economic factors on the amount
households were willing to pay for solid wastes in Ilemela District. The findings of the study
show that majority of households were not willing to pay for solid waste recycling in Ilemela
District, Mwanza region.The willingness to pay for solid waste recycling was associated with
age of the household head, marital status, and education. Information dissemination and
logarithm of household’s income while the effect of socio-economic factors on amount
households were willing to pay for solid waste recycling was associated with the marital status
(married households), households’ years of education, information dissemination on solid
waste recycling and logarithm of income was statistically significant in influencing the amount
households are willing to pay for solid waste recycling. The study recommends that the
government and other interested stakeholders on solid waste management should invest
more on education and awareness about importance of waste management to the mass using
different mechanisms.
Keywords: Solid Waste Recycling, Contingent Valuation, Willingness to Pay, Households’
Perceptions
Stanslaus Rupia | 369
DOI: 10.36418/jrssem.v2i03.277 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem
INTRODUCTION
Globally, the amount of municipal solid
waste is growing faster than the rate of
urbanization. In 2012, the world’s cities
generated 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per
year, amounting to a rate of 1.2 kg per
person per day. With rapid population
growth and urbanization, municipal waste
generation is expected to rise to 2.2 billion
tons by 2025 (Akhtar et al., 2017; AOIKE,
2019). At present, 62 million tons per year
of municipal waste is generated in sub-
Saharan Africa, with an average of 0.65 kg
per person/day (Wilson et al., 2012). By
2050, the urban population in sub-Saharan
Africa is projected to generate three times
the amount of waste it currently produces
(Kaza et al., 2018).
Cities in developing countries are
facing increasing generation of waste
(Begum et al., 2007) and accompanying
problems associated with waste collection
and disposal (Begum et al., 2007) resulting
from urbanization process that brings a lot
of problems in most third world countires
(Kwabena and Danso-Abbeam 2014). In
Africa, it is estimated that currently the rate
at which solid waste is growing in urban
areas is muchaster than the urbanization
itself (Hoornweg and BhadaTata, 2012).
Likewise, according to UNESC (2009),
urbanization with poor waste management
practice, especially widespread disposal of
waste water bodies dumping inside the
road and uncontrolled dump site magnifies
the problem of low sanitation level across
the African countries. The problems are
aggravated by high amount of waste
generation, shortage of waste disposal
sites, lack of waste collection by
municipality offices, and less attention and
poor disposal habits by dwellers (Banga et
al., 2011). As evidences have shown that the
global populations of urban residence
continue to grow significantly within the
last decades, it was reported that with
about 30% of world population living in
urban areas in 1950s, the figure is projected
to reach 66% by year 2050 (United Nations,
2015).
Almost 2 billion people worldwide still
lack access to solid waste collection
services, with the lowest collection rates
being observed in low-income countries
(Rodić & Wilson, 2017). Scholarly literatures
indicated that improper municipal solid
waste disposal and management causes all
types of pollution: air, soil, and water (Alam
& Ahmade, 2013; Srigirisetty et al., 2017).
This indicated that improper solid waste
management contributes to a worsening
environmental degradation (Marshall &
Farahbakhsh, 2013). Problems of waste
generation and management in developing
countries have become one of the
intractable environmental problems facing
urban centers (Thi et al., 2015).
Solid waste management is practiced in
Mwanza city. However, the approaches of
landfills and burning which were usually
common and practiced are no longer
recommended by the municipal
regulations, bylaws and are not effective
especially in environmental protection and
natural resource conservation. Solid waste
recycling could be the best option in
dealing with solid waste in the growing
370 | Determinants of The Willingness To Pay For Solid Waste Recycling Among Households In
Ilemela, Tanzania
urban areas of Mwanza especially in Ilemela
municipal. That is why the current study
analyzed household’s willingness to pay for
solid waste recycling.
Literature Review
Maskey and Singh (2017) looked into
Nepalese households' willingness to pay
for improved garbage collection services.
Using a stratified sampling approach, the
study assesses 401 families' willingness to
pay (WTP) for improved waste collection
service in all 15 wards of Nepal's Gorkha
municipality, as well as the factors that
influence it. We utilized a unexpected
valuation strategy to decide households'
WTP, a logit relapse demonstrate to decide
components affecting WTP, and a tobit
relapse show to decide the most extreme
sum families are willing to pay for moved
forward trash collection benefit. The larger
part of families (61%) are willing to pay an
average of NRs. 73.38 (0.72 US$) per
month. Monthly household income, the
household head's education,
environmental awareness, and garbage
collection service are all important factors
in determining a household's WTP. Except
for the degree of the household head, all of
these factors have an impact on the
maximum amount of money that
households are willing to pay.
Balasubramania (2019) used the
contingent valuation method for improved
solid waste management to investigate the
willingness of 150 families in Madurai,
India, to pay for enhanced solid waste
management services. According to the
survey, semi-urban household respondents
are willing to pay Rs 24 (US$ 0.34) for a
clean environment. According to the
survey, more than 95 percent of Madurai
household respondents are willing to pay
for solid waste management. The majority
of household respondents believe that
improper solid waste management is one
of the leading causes of health problems in
the study area, especially among children
and the elderly. The study's main policy
recommendation is that India's semi-urban
areas develop a solid waste management
plan for collection, transportation, disposal,
and segregation of solid waste.
Tassie and Endalew (2020) discovered
that the model result showed that the
household's educational level, monthly
aggregate income, quantity of waste
generated per week, access to solid waste
management services, and respondents'
responsibility for solid waste management
all had a significant positive effect on
households' willingness to pay. When
designing and implementing improved
solid waste management services, the
municipality of Bahir Dar should keep these
important factors in mind.
Using a contingent valuation
technique, Sizya (2015) investigated the
relationship between selected socio-
economic variables of households and their
willingness to pay for improved solid waste
management. The study used the logit
regression technique to estimate the
determinants of selected dependent
variables on willingness to pay in 300
randomly selected households in Mwanza
City, Tanzania. Seven variables had a
significant impact on the families'
willingness to pay, according to the logit
model's findings. The respondents' post
Stanslaus Rupia | 371
vocational, primary education, and income
variables were positive and statistically
significant, with the exception of the
dummy variables of age, environmental
knowledge, and secondary education, but
household type and environmental legal
regulations were negative and significant.
The study's findings also indicate that
individual households are willing to pay for
solid waste management.
Ezibilo (2013) investigated
householders' willingness to pay for
improved residential solid waste
management using data from a contingent
valuation survey of 236 houses in Ilorin,
Kwara State, Nigeria. When using a binary
logit model, the survey found that more
than 80 percent of respondents supported
household trash management. The
respondents were willing to pay an average
of 3,660 Naira ($24) per year. Income,
education, living style, and whether or not
they were satisfied with the private sector's
participation in waste management service
provision all influenced respondents'
willingness to pay. The effects of price,
gender, home size, and sanitary inspector
actions were all negative. The findings of
this study could help Nigeria and other
countries in similar situations develop a
more sustainable home waste
management strategy.
Mulat et al.,(2019) looked at Ethiopian
households' willingness to pay for better
solid waste management and the factors
that influence it. The study looked at the
factors that influence people's willingness
to pay for better garbage management
using a Tobit regression model. The
household heads' sex (being male), the
household's wealth, the household's
educational status, the household's age,
the amount of solid waste generated, the
distance from solid waste dumping, and the
household's perceived satisfaction all had a
statistically significant relationship with
WTP, according to the study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Theoretical Model
The relationship between the dependent
variable and independent variables can be
generally expressed as follows:
…………………………………………………………………
………..(1)
Economic Model
The willingness to pay model that follows
logit model has the economic expression of
the form:
……………………………………………………… (2)
Econometric Model
The econometric model is the economic
model plus the error term. Thus, by adding
the error term in equation (2), the economic
model turns out to be an econometric
model. The econometric model can
therefore be expressed as follows:
………………………………………………… (3)
Where, is the probability of
an individual willing to pay for solid waste
recycling given the explanatory variables
)(
ii
xfy
)exp(1
)exp(
)|0Pr(
i
i
ii
x
x
xy
)exp(1
)exp(
|0Pr
ii
ii
ii
ux
ux
xy
)|0Pr(
ii
xy
i
x
372 | Determinants of The Willingness To Pay For Solid Waste Recycling Among Households In
Ilemela, Tanzania
, is a vector of independent variables that
affect one’s willingness to pay, is the
error term, and is the slope coefficient or
the marginal effects in the logistic
regression language.
Empirical Model
Willingness to pay depends on
different factors such as household’s
income, age of household head, business
as alternative source of income, proximity
to the collection points, households’ size,
level of education and gender (Abel, 2009;
Ajanu, 2007; Sridhar, et al., 1985). Therefore,
empirically, the logistic model for
willingness to pay in this study is expressed
as follows.
(4)
Estimation Technique
This study was estimated by using
logistic regression since the dependent
variable was binary that is 1 if the
household is willing to pay for solid w if the
house. The model that will be used to
estimate the willingness to pay for solid
waste management and recycling is that of
logit model
Logit (
) =
……………………………………………………… (5)
This can be explain as follows
Logit
+
+
+
+
+
+
(6)
After the parameters of our model are
estimated through maximum likelihood
procedure, estimation of the mean WTP is
straightforward. The mean WTP will
therefore be calculated as:-
E(Y) =
…………………………………………………………………
………..(7)
Model Specification for the effect of socio-
economic factors on the amount
households’ willingness to pay for solid
waste recycling
On the Amount households is willing
to pay (WTPA), the nature of the dependent
variable wasmeasured as in continuous
scale. The analysis of this variable employed
multiple linear regression models under
ordinary least square technique (OLS). To
estimate the model the nature of
dependent variable wasconverted to
natural logarithm to reduce the problem of
collinearity of the variable and for that case
is taken as “LnY” and was explained by all
demographic and socio-economic factors.
The general OLS model can be shown as
follows:
…………………………………………………………(8)
Where:
=dependent variable
=independent variables
=intercept
=coefficient
N=number of observations
i=households
=disturbance term
Specification of the econometric model
…(9)
=Stochastic error term
LnY=natural logarithm of Amount
households willing to pay
=intercept term
=coefficient of the age of the households
and X1 is the age of households
=coefficient of the sex of households
and X2 sex of households
i
x
i
u
iiiiiiii
uGenderBusFSizeEducAgeIncL
6543210
)ln()ln(
Stanslaus Rupia | 373
=coefficient of the marital status of the
households and X3 marital status
=coefficient of years of education of the
households and X4 years of education
=coefficient of occupation of households
and X5 is an occupation
=coefficient of information
dissemination and X6 is information
dissemination
=coefficient of household’s awareness
and X7 is household’s awareness
=coefficient of income of households
and X8 is income of households
=coefficient of household’s size and X9 is
household’s size
The variables measurement and expected
signs
The table below summarizes the
variables and how they are measured.
Nevertheless, their expected signs are
given in the right column of the table. The
expected signs for some variables such as
gender, age, and family size are not certain.
As a result, their signs are either positive or
negative.
Table 1. Variables, measurements and Expected Signs
Variables
Descriptions
Measurement
scale
Expected
signs
WTP for types of
sanitation facilities
(dependent variable)
1 if a household is willing to pay for
solid waste recycling
0 otherwise
Nominal scale
Amount Willing to
Pay(WTA) (dependent
variable)
The amount of money that
households is willing to pay
Continuous
scale (Tshs)
Independent variables
Age
The actual number of years of
respondents age
Continuous
scale(years)
+
Gender
1 if the respondent is male
0 otherwise
Nominal scale
+
Marital status
1 whether the respondents are
married
0 otherwise
Nominal scale
+
Household’s Head
education years
Number of years of respondents
spent in school
Continuous
scale(years)
+
Households size
Number of all members in the
households
Continuous
scale
(numbers)
+
Households income
The average household’s income
earned by the household’s head
Continuous
scale (Tshs)
+
Household’s Head
occupation
Nominal which tells if households
involved in a certain activity or not
Nominal scale
+
374 | Determinants of The Willingness To Pay For Solid Waste Recycling Among Households In
Ilemela, Tanzania
(0=unemployed, 1=employed)
Awareness of
households on solid
waste recycling
1 if the respondents have sufficient
knowledge
0 otherwise
Nominal scale
+
Information
dissemination
1 if household is disseminated with
information on solid waste recycling
through radio or television
0 otherwise
Nominal scale
+
Source: Author’s formulation, 2021
From Table 1, for the gender, if the sign is
positive then male household heads are
more willing to pay for solid waste recycling
than female household heads.
The data
For the analysis of the WTP for solid
waste recycling, this study will basically use
primary data which will be collected from
the population sampled wards in Ilemela
municipal the case study of Kawekamo
ward
Target Population
The study used households in Ilemela
District for the selected wards of
Kawekamo, pasiansi and Nyamanoro
representing the population of Ilemela and
the environmental stakeholders.
Sample and Sampling Design
The study focuses on Ilemela
Municipality which is too big given
researcher’s limited time. Therefore, one
division was randomly selected from the
Ilemela. Three-stage sampling technique in
the multi-stage sampling design was used
to arrive to a reasonable sample, where by
three wards out of 19 were selected
randomly and from each ward, one street
from each ward was selected making a total
of three streets.
Therefore, Sample for this study was
selected from three wards namely
Kawekamo, Pasiansi and Nyamanoro. Given
that households’ population is known as
per Population entire the entire Ilemela
Municipality population. Regarding the
study topic willingness to pay for solid
waste recycling among households where
the population is too large and unknown to
be studied at once. The sample size was
selected using the Cochran formula for
sample selection because the population is
too large for the study to deal with its
sample size.
=
Where;
e
: desired level of precision (margin
error).
p
: the proportion of the population which
has the attribute in question.
q= 1-p
In this case
e = 1.96
p = 0.5
q = 1-p
=
=
= 150.0625
The sample size was taken to be 150
households.
Stanslaus Rupia | 375
DOI: 10.36418/jrssem.v2i03.277 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem
Table 2. Represent number of households for every selected ward in IlemelaMunicipality
No
Name of the Ward
Target population
Sample size
1
Kawekamo
265911
40.0
2
Pasiansi
35,723
50.0
3
Nyamanoro
51,456
60.0
TOTAL
353090
150.0
Source: Researcher, 2021
Data Collection Method
The data were collected by using
systematic interviews moderated by
questionnaires. The questionnaires were
administered by the researcher to ensure
high rate of response. Nevertheless,
respondents did not have enough time to
fill in the questionnaires. In this study, the
main instrument for the collection of
household data was questionnaire survey.
The study used primary data obtained
directly from a sampling frame of 853
households but represented by 150
households. The survey collected
household demographic factors and socio-
economic characteristics, household’s
participation and their attitudes towards
participating in solid waste recycling
services.
The study employed contingent
valuation method (CVM) to come up with
precise analysis on a household decision
whether or not to pay for solid waste
recycling service. The underlying idea
behind this method is that people have
preferences for other environmental
amenities and services but these
preferences are hidden, then we have to
translate these in monetary units.
During the interview, respondents were
freely to answer the open-ended questions
while indicating the maximum amount they
are ready to pay (Song et al., 2012). The
CVM technique have been criticized for
having biases including strategic bias,
hypothetical, design bias, and operational
bias (Padi et al., 2015; Nkansah et al., 2015).
Despite its drawbacks, CVM was used in
this study because of its ability to capture
use and non-use values, unlike other
environmental methods such as hedonic
pricing and travel cost methods which have
a tendency to underestimates a satisfaction
by considering use values only. The method
of CV was preferred because of its
simplicity in data collection, relatively easy
to understand, interpret, and to use for
policy intervention purposes.
Data Type
For the analysis of the WTP in Ilemela
the study used cross sectional primary data
which were collected from the respective
wards. Within the survey which was
conducted in Kawekamo, Pasiansi and
Nyamanoro wards.
Data Analysis
The data collected were analyzed by
using SPSS and STATA 12. The analysis was
quantitative descriptive and inferential
statistics. The sample and individual
household’s characteristics were analyzed
by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The
data obtained were tested by pre-
estimation test, were estimated and were
post estimated.
376 | Determinants of The Willingness To Pay For Solid Waste Recycling Among Households In
Ilemela, Tanzania
Households Amount willing to pay for solid
waste recycling
Household’s amount willing to pay was
used as a proxy measure of willingness to
pay for solid waste recycling. The
household’s amount was captured as a
continuous variable and findings pointed
out that, the average amount of
households willing to pay was
1733.333with maximum and minimum of
10000 and 0 respectively (See Table 4.2).
Education years of households
Educational status of the households
determines willingness to pay for solid
waste recycling and the amount
households willing to pay for solid waste
recycling. Those who can read and write
stand a better chance of understanding
things faster. Moreover, better-educated
households tend to be more innovative and
are therefore more likely to pay for solid
waste recycling (Astewel, 2010). Therefore,
it is hypothesized to influence positively
willingness to pay and the amount
households willing to pay. Findings pointed
out that, an average mean of education was
6.64 years of schooling with a standard
deviation of 3.306. The minimum and
maximum years of education households
reached were 0 and 19 years of education
respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Households frequency of waste disposal in Ilemela district
Figure 1. Frequency of Households’ Solid Waste Disposal
Source: Field survey, 2021
The findings from figure 1. are associated
with the question on frequency of
household’s solid waste disposal. The
respondents were asked how often they
dispose solid wastes. The answers were
indicated as; waste is disposed daily is
indicated by 24 (16 percent) of households,
84 (40percent) of households dispose
17(11.33%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Daily Once a week Twice a week Once in two weeks
Percentage
Frequency of Households' Solid Waste Disposal
Stanslaus Rupia | 377
wastes once a week, with 25 (16.67 percent)
of households disposed their wastes twice
a week. Further the findings indicate that
once in two weeks households accounted
17 (11.33 percent) disposed solid wastes
once in two weeks. The finding implies that
majority of the households dispose solid
waste once a week which implies high rate
of household’s consumption of various
products within a week.
The findings were similar to the study
conducted by (Otai, 2020) indicated that
majority of households waste disposal was
once a week in Uganda.
Factors influencing household’s willingness
to pay for solid waste recycling
Table 3 indicates the logistic
regression statistical significance results for
the factors influencing household’s
willingness to pay for solid waste recycling.
Based on the data analyzed the identified
factors are age of households, households’
gender, households’ marital status,
households’ years of education,
households’ occupation, households size,
information dissemination and households
awareness on the solid waste recycling.
The findings from regression indicate that
age of the households, marital status, and
education in years, information
dissemination and logarithm of household’
income was statistically significant in
influencing household’s willingness to pay
for solid waste recycling.
The results in Table 4.3below, indicates
logistic regression to analyze the factors
influencing household’s willingness to pay
for solid waste recycling. The fitness of the
data was statistically significant given that
the P-value 0.0002 is at (P< 1%). And the
Pseudo R
2
was 0.116which indeed tells us
how well the maximum likelihood estimates
were obtained through iteration fitting the
model.
Table 3. Logistic regression indicating households’ willingness to pay for solid waste recycling
WILLINGNESS
TO PAY
Odds
Ratios
dy/dx
St.Err.
t-
value
p-
value
[95%
Conf
Interval]
Sig
AGE
1.042
.010101
.026
1.68
0.093
.993
1.094
*
Gender
1.229
.050065
.508
0.50
0.618
.546
2.765
Marital Status
5.55
.324388
4.738
2.01
0.045
1.041
29.582
**
Education in
years
1.142
.032431
.063
2.41
0.016
1.025
1.271
**
Household
Occupation
.639
-.105973
.375
-0.76
0.445
.202
2.019
Households size
.92
-.020464
.097
-0.79
0.427
.748
1.13
Information
dissemination
3.069
.271966
1.953
1.76
0.078
.881
10.685
*
LOG_INCO
2.65
.238427
.665
3.88
0.00
1.62
4.335
***
AWARENES
.741
-.073451
.278
-0.80
0.42
.355
1.547
Constant
0.00
0.00
-4.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
***
378 | Determinants of The Willingness To Pay For Solid Waste Recycling Among Households In
Ilemela, Tanzania
Mean dependent var
0.433
SD dependent var
0.497
Pseudo r-squared
0.116
Number of obs
150
Chi-square
21.082
Prob> chi2
0.0002
Akaike crit. (AIC)
201.408
Bayesian crit. (BIC)
231.514
*** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1
Table 4. Marginal effect computations
Marginal effects after logistic
y=Pr (WILLINGT) (predict) = .42710889
(*) dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1
It is normally assumed that older
households have more knowledge and
understanding on solid waste recycling
than younger households. The results from
table 4.3 indicate that age of the
households was positively and statistically
significant influencing willingness to pay
for solid waste recycling at 10 percent
significant level (p=0.093).
This cross-sectional study aimed to
analyse household’s willingness to pay for
solid waste recycling in Ilemela District. The
survey data was collected from 150
households as respondents from Ilemela
Districts in Mwanza Region, Tanzania.
Descriptive statistical analysis, logistic
model regression analysis and ordinary
least square regression analysis were used
to answer the questions arising from three
objectives. The objectives were: to
determine the frequency of waste disposal
among households in Ilemela District; and
to analyze the factors influencing
households’ willingness to pay for solid
waste recycling in Ilemela District, Tanzania.
Findings representing demographic
characteristics of households were
presented using the descriptive statistics,
the average number of households willing
to pay and those not willing to pay were
65(43.33 percent) and 85(56.67 percent)
respectively making a total of 150
households.
The first objective on the frequency of
household’s disposal of solid waste
collection indicate that; waste is disposed
variable
dy/dx
Std.Err.
z
P>z
[
95%
C.I. X ]
AGE
0.010
0.006
1.680
0.093
-0.002
0.022
31.927
gender1*
0.050
0.100
0.500
0.615
-0.145
0.245
0.713
marit~01*
0.324
0.106
3.060
0.002
0.117
0.532
0.933
EDUCATIO
0.032
0.013
2.410
0.016
0.006
0.059
6.640
Househ~I*
-0.106
0.133
-0.800
0.424
-0.366
0.154
0.133
HOUSEHOL
-0.020
0.026
-0.790
0.427
-0.071
0.030
5.613
Inform~s*
0.272
0.142
1.910
0.056
-0.007
0.551
0.113
LOG_INCO
0.238
0.061
3.930
0.000
0.120
0.357
13.318
AWARENES*
-0.073
0.092
-0.800
0.425
-0.254
0.107
0.587
Stanslaus Rupia | 379
daily is showed by 24 (16 percent) of
households, 84(40 percent) of households
dispose wastes once a week, with 25(16.67
percent) of households disposed their
wastes twice a week. Further the findings
indicate that once in two weeks households
accounted 17 (11.33 percent) disposed
solid wastes once in two weeks. The finding
implies that majority of the households
dispose solid waste once a week which
implies high rate of household’s
consumption of various products within a
week.
On the second objective regarding the
factors influencing willingness to pay for
solid waste recycling, the results indicated
that willingness to pay for solid waste
recycling was associated with the number
of factors. Among all factors, willingness to
pay was found to be associated with the
age of the households, marital status, and
education in years. Information
dissemination and logarithm of household’
income was statistically significant in
influencing household’s willingness to pay
for solid waste recycling.
As far as the third objective is
concerned, the results indicated that the
amount households are willing to pay for
solid waste recycling was associated with
the number of factors. Among all factors,
willingness to pay was found to be
associated with the marital status (married
households), households’ years of
education, information dissemination on
solid waste recycling and logarithm of
income. They were all statistically
significant in influencing the amount of
household willingness to pay for solid
waste recycling.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of the study show that
households were unwilling to pay for solid
waste recycling in Ilemela district, Mwanza
region. Their main argument were on the
issue of charging households based on the
amount/quantity of solid waste generated
by the household to address the issue of
free riding. Involve households in
determining the charges that will be levied
to help minimize the free riding problem.
Willingness to pay for solid waste
recycling was associated with the number
of factors. Among all factors, willingness to
pay was found to be associated with the
age of the households, marital status, and
education in years, information
dissemination and logarithm of
household’s income was statistically
significant in influencing household’s
willingness to pay for solid waste recycling,
while the amount households are willing to
pay for solid waste recycling was associated
with the number of factors. Among all
factors, willingness to pay was found to be
associated with the marital status (married
households), households’ years of
education, information dissemination on
solid waste recycling and logarithm of
income was statistically significant in
influencing the amount household’s willing
to pay for solid waste recycling.
On the issue of the frequency of waste
380 | Determinants of The Willingness To Pay For Solid Waste Recycling Among Households In
Ilemela, Tanzania
disposal, it was found out that majority of
the households dispose solid waste once a
week which implies high rate of
household’s consumption of various
products within a week.
Due to the data's heteroscedasticity, it
is possible that not all significant variables
influencing households' WTP for solid
waste management services in Ilemela
district, Tanzania, were captured.
Policy implications and Recommendations
Sustainable waste management
provides ideal opportunities to
collaborative and work in partnership. To
meet the Sustainable Development Goals
of ensuring sustainable waste services and
reduce pollution as well as health impacts
through environmentally sound
management of all wastes throughout the
product life cycle, this study provided with
various recommendations and policy
implications to improve the situation in the
study area.
In line with Sustainable Development
Goals of achieving sound management of
all wastes, the study then recommends that
the government and other interested
stakeholders on waste management should
investment more on education and
awareness about importance of waste
management to the mass using different
mechanism including social medias, along
with this, there should be a special
mechanism that will charge waste prices
according to weight so to avoid the free
riding problem.
The economic status of households
(household’s income) was linked with the
willingness to pay for solid waste recycling
and amount that households are willing to
pay and found to be statistically significant.
Thus households with no reliable sources of
income are more likely not to pay for solid
waste recycling. Especially it has been seen
that household’s income was a
fundamental factor influencing household’s
willingness to pay and the amount that
households are willing to pay for solid
waste recycling. Therefore, authorities
should grant special attention to the poor
groups when implementing strategies for
ensuring safe and clean environment
through solid waste recycling in Ilemela.
The study recommends the national policy
on waste collection, recycling and disposal
with a broad scope entailing management
of solid waste disposal to be encouraged
and translated into actions. The policy
should entail asking the government for
the proper management of waste each year
in each region.
The study recommends the
development of various projects
concerning waste management with
strategies which should focus on that
inability to pay for waste recycling. Some
strategies could be accessed by vulnerable
households in addition to providing them
with necessary education on waste
recycling. Also, it should be possible to
create a mechanism that would guarantee
female-headed households and other
vulnerable groups with proper access to
credit for them to be willing to pay for solid
waste recycling in the study area.
Information access is a key
determinant in the waste management.
There is a positive relationship between
information access through media such as
radio and television to household’s
willingness to pay for solid waste recycling.
Stanslaus Rupia | 381
This provides great emphasize on
government and other NGO’s to provide
basic information on solid waste recycling
through television, radio all over Tanzania
to increase awareness of the concerned
matter.
The results for the WTP indicated that
majority of the respondents were not
willing to pay for improved sanitation
facilities. This implies that households were
not eager to improve the availability and
efficiency of sanitation services. Therefore,
the government in collaboration with
various NGO’s should make it easier for
households to seek waste management
through waste recyclin
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