JRSSEM 2021, Vol. 01, No. 3, 295 – 315

DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i3.25 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index

E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494

NATURE OF NATION AND STATE

Yuliana Yuli W

1

Satino

2

*

,

Marina Ery Setiyawati

3

1,2

Faculty of Law, Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta University, Indonesia

3

Faculty of Healthy, Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta University, Indonesia

e-mail: [email protected]

1

, [email protected]

2

, marinaerysetiawati@upnvj.ac.id

3

*corespodence: [email protected]

Submitted:" 14" October" 2021," Revised:" " " 18" October" 2021," Accepted:" 27" October" 2021"

Abstract. State defense is the attitude, action, and behavior of citizens, both individually and in

groups, in maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of the country, which is based on a sense of

love for the homeland, national and state awareness of the Unitary State of the Republic of

Indonesia. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a Focus and Group (FGD) approach.

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the Law. The 1945

Constitution is willing to make sacrifices to ensure the survival of the Indonesian state from various

threats, challenges, obstacles and disturbances (ATHG), both from within and from outside that

endanger territorial integrity. Love for the homeland both together and with all components of the

country in maintaining the existence of a safe, peaceful and controlled country.

Keywords: state defense; national insight.

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 296

DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i3.25 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index

INTRODUCTION

In general, the nation is a collection of

groups of people who make up the state. In

a sociological sense, the nation includes an

association group which is naturally

destined to live together and share the

same responsibility within a country. For

example, the Republic of Indonesia is

destined to consist of many ethnic groups.

In other words, a nation is a group of

people in a place or region who have a

united determination to build the nation's

future. The trick is to establish a State and

its Government which will realize the

aspirations and interests of the common

people fairly. (Meyer, 2018)

The most important objective factor of

a nation is the common will, which is better

known as nationalism (Tiryakian & Nevitte,

2020). In the life of a nation, we must realize

that with the diversity that is based on a

sense of unity and oneness of the

homeland, language, and noble ideals, the

Indonesian people will feel comfortable

and peaceful in living as a nation and state

(Barida, 2017). Every nation has four

elements of ideals stated by (Hartaka &

Suadnyana, 2020), as follows:

a. The desire to achieve national unity and

integrity which consists of social unity,

political economy, culture,

communication and solidarity.

b. The desire to achieve complete national

independence and freedom, namely free

from domination and interference from

foreign nations against their domestic

representatives

c. The desire for independence, excellence,

individuality, authenticity, sincerity. For

example, upholding the national

language which is not the language of

other nations.

d. The desire to stand out (excellent)

among the nations in pursuit of

influence and prestige.

Naturally, humans as social beings

have always lived together in a group to

maintain their survival and continue their

offspring. Then they begin to live

permanently in a certain place and fulfill

their basic needs by raising livestock and

planting crops. (Pusey, 2021)

In order for these groups to feel safe

and secure, awareness arises that a person

or small group of people is needed to lead

these small groups. Group leaders are given

certain powers/authorities and group

members are required to obey the rules or

orders from their leaders. Regulations that

were originally unwritten and only

constituted customs, gradually became

written regulations, which were

implemented and obeyed. With the size of

the membership and the expansion of the

interests of the group and to overcome the

various difficulties that arise, there is a need

to form an organization that is more

organized and has power. This organization

of power later developed into a state. (Dewi

& Sos, 2017)

The definition of the state as an

organization of power shows that the

existence of the state aims to regulate and

carry out the interests of the community

which is equipped with the highest power

(Maryani & Nasution, 2018). In this sense,

the state is a social power (society) which is

constitutionally regulated to realize

common interests. As a power organization,

in a country there is a working relationship

system that regulates a group of people

(people) to act or behave in

297 | Nature of Nation and State

accordance with the will of the state (Duha,

2018). In order for the state to regulate its

people, the state is given the authority to

compel all its members to comply with all

the rules/stipulations set by the state. On

the other hand, to avoid the emergence of

arbitrary power, the State also determines

the ways and limits of the use of that power

in common life, either by individuals,

groups, organizations, or by the state itself.

The purpose of this study is to find out

how to grow the values and insights of the

nation, so that the realization of national

development in accordance with the

philosophy of the nation.

METHODS

The study used qualitative methods

type of case study, with Focus Group

Discussion (FGD) as a data collection

technique and also in-depth interview.

Beside of that, quantitative data was also

this study also collected in this study with

the consideration that it is necessary to

obtain a more general description of the

object, then collection is carried out even

though it is only supporting data and is

limited

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

National Character Development

Building character is a process or effort

made to foster, improve, and or shape

character, character, psychological traits,

morals (characteristics) of human beings

(society) so that they show good

temperament and behavior based on the

values of Pancasila.

Based on the understanding above, it

can be stated that efforts to build character

will describe the main things as follows:

a. It is a continuous process to build

character, character and traits based on

the spirit of dedication and togetherness.

b. Improving the existing character to

realize the expected character in the

context of governance and

implementation of development.

c. Fostering existing characters so that

they display a conducive character in the

life of society, nation and state based on

the values of the nation's philosophy,

namely Pancasila.

Positive Character of the Nation

Building national character is

essentially all efforts made so that the

nation or society (Gunawan, 2012), has the

following characters:

a. Mutual respect and mutual respect

among each other

b. A sense of togetherness and help

c. A sense of unity and oneness as a nation

d. Concern in the life of society, nation and

state

e. Moral and moral based on religious

values

f. Behave that always describes religious

values, legal values, and cultural values.

g. Behaving and behaving that reflect

national values

National character has a very basic

meaning or value to influence all thoughts,

feelings, and actions of every human being

in the life of society, nation and state. The

values in question include honesty,

togetherness or mutual cooperation, caring

or solidarity, and full of responsibility

(Sugiman, 2017).

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 298

These values seem to tend to fade in

the life of the nation in Indonesia. This can

be seen from the many cases and conflicts

that occur in society, between ethnic

groups, and political conflicts. For this

reason, the development of national

character is a very important factor in

synergizing all the potential of the nation's

children to realize the ideals of the

Indonesian nation (Soedarsono, 2013).

National Insight Education is inseparable

from the importance of institutional

support at the central, provincial and

regional levels. At the central level, the

support is related to policies and programs,

facility assistance, funding, to monitoring,

monitoring, and evaluating the results

achieved. In an effort to deepen and apply

the concept of National Insight,

cooperation with various related parties,

such as cultural management institutions,

etc. is very much needed

National Defense Movement

History realizes that life with all its

changes, growth, and development

continues through time. This makes us

aware that historical events are something

that continues to move from the past, leads

to the present, and continues into the

future. Therefore, to carve a good history

for the nation and NKR, is an impetus to do

the best in the present. This means that

everything that is done in the present will

affect the future, which in turn will later be

recorded in history.

The process of Indonesian citizens in

building a nation-state, provides an

overview of how the Indonesian nation was

formed where all citizens who are in it feel

as part of the Indonesian nation. The

Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is

an organization that embodies the life of

the Indonesian people (Suganda, 2016).

Therefore, the Indonesian people feel the

importance of the existence of the Unitary

State of the Republic of Indonesia, so

awareness grows to maintain the continuity

and integrity of the Unitary State of the

Republic of Indonesia through efforts to

defend the country. Efforts to defend the

country that are embodied in the national

movement to defend the country (Rahman

& Ryacudu, 2015), can be carried out

properly if a pattern of thought, attitude

and behavior is created for all citizens who

want to do, among others:

a. Religious obligation, which means

carrying out a relationship with God

Almighty, as a form of gratitude for the

life given by the Creator.

b. Carry out innovation and creativity in the

economic field, as a manifestation of

efforts to be able to meet the needs of

daily life independently.

c. Doing good relations with fellow citizens

and the natural surroundings for the

benefit of many people, which means

having tolerance and concern for the life

of diversity in all fields, including religion

and belief as well as diversity in the social

and cultural fields, having the desire to

be peaceful, safe and prosperous in the

country, which means actively

participating in the defense and security

of the Republic of Indonesia.

d. Having a desire to live in peace, security

and prosperity in the country, means to

actively participate in the defense and

security of the Republic of Indonesia.

Fostering State Defense Awareness

(PKBN) in the community, based on Law

299 | Nature of Nation and State

Number: 23 of 2019, Article 9 (No, 23 C.E.),

which states that PKBN is intended for

citizens which includes:

a. Religious leaders

b. Public figure

c. Traditional Figures

d. Community Organization Cadre

e. Community Organization Cadre

f. Professional Organization Cadre

g. Political Party Cadre and

h. Other Community Groups

Fostering awareness of state defense in

the scope of work, based on Law Number:

23 of 2019, article 10 (No, 23 C.E.), which

states that PKBN is intended for all citizens

who work for:

a. State institutions

b. Ministries/non-Ministerial Government

Agencies, and Local Governments

c. Indonesian national army

d. Indonesian National Police

e. State-Owned Enterprises/Regional

Owned Enterprises

f. Private Enterprises and

g. Other bodies in accordance with the

provisions of the legislation in force in

the Republic of Indonesia.

According to Law Number: 03 of 2002

concerning National Defense (Nomor, 3

C.E.), to realize the national defense and

security forces consisting of the main

components, reserves and supporting

components:

1. Main Components

The main component of national

defense is the Indonesian National Army

(TNI) (Azikin & Riza, 2020). The TNI

consists of the Army, Navy and Air Force.

TNI is a component that acts as a means

of national defense. In addition, the

State Police of the Republic of Indonesia

is also the main component that plays a

role in maintaining public security and

order, enforcing the law, providing

protection, and providing services to the

community (Azikin & Riza, 2020).

2. Spare Components

The reserve components include

citizens, natural resources, as well as

national facilities and infrastructure that

have been prepared to strengthen the

main components. Simultaneous

mobilization of natural, human and

infrastructure resources will be an

important component in supporting

national defense. (Ayuni, 2017)

3. Supporting Components

Supporting components are

national resources that can be used to

increase the strength of the main

components and reserve components.

The supporting components do not

form a real force for physical resistance.

The supporting components consist of 5

segments: the military (police, Brimob,

Satpol PP, security guards, party task

force, etc.), experts (human resources

according to expertise), industry, natural

or artificial resources and infrastructure,

and resources human power. (Indrawan

& Efriza, 2018)

The definition of National Defense is

the existence of an effort in the territorial

integrity of a country, maintaining the

sovereignty of the state, and the security of

all nations from disturbances and threats to

the integrity of the state and nation

(Mukhtadi & Komala, 2019).

Types of threats to the sovereignty of

the Republic of Indonesia National

integration needed to maintain the integrity

of the Unitary State of the

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 300

Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) faces various

threats. Moreover, national integration

exists in a country with a pluralistic society,

such as in Indonesia (Hamid, 2016).

Quoted from the official website of the

Ministry of Education and Culture of the

Republic of Indonesia, a threat is every

effort and activity both from within the

country and abroad that is considered to

endanger the sovereignty of the state, the

territorial integrity of the country and the

safety of the entire nation (Nomor, 3 C.E.).

Threats are all forms of business that

are designed to change or overhaul policies

that are conceptually carried out through

criminal and political acts. Do you know

what are the types of threats to national

integration?

Threats to national integration Threats

to national integration can be divided into

two, namely: Military threats Non-military

threats

a. Military threat

Military threats are threats that use

armed force that endanger the

sovereignty of the state, the territorial

integrity of the state and the safety of

the entire nation. Military threats to

national integration can come from

abroad and from within the country.

Some examples of military threats to

national integration are: Threats from

abroad, namely: Military aggression

Territorial violations by other countries

Spying (espionage) Sabotage Terror acts

from international networks. (A’raf Al

A’raf, 2015)

Threats from within the country,

namely: Armed rebellion Horizontal

conflicts Terror acts Sabotage Violent

actions that smell SARA Separatist

movement (separation efforts to create

a new state)

b. Non-military threats

Non-military threats are threats that

do not use weapons but if left

unchecked will endanger the sovereignty

of the country, the territorial integrity of

the country and the safety of the entire

nation. (A’raf Al A’raf, 2015)

In essence, non-military threats are

considered to have the potential to

endanger the sovereignty of the state,

the personality of the nation, the

territorial integrity of the state and the

safety of the entire nation.

One of these threats is caused by the

negative influence of globalization (Hadi,

2017). Globalization removes barriers or

boundaries of association between nations,

whether consciously or not, has caused

negative impacts that have the potential to

be a threat to the integrity of a country.

Non-military threats include ideological,

political, economic, socio-cultural, defense

and security dimensions and even

technology and information. Examples of

non-military threats by (Alfajri et al., 2019),

include:

a. The influence of westernized lifestyle

b. Don't love your own culture

c. Do not use domestic products

Non-military threats have different

characteristics from military threats. The

characteristics of non-military threats are

that they are not physical and their form is

invisible. Understanding the Basic Level of

State Defense State Defense is a

constitutional term contained in Article 27

paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution

which reads: Every citizen has the right and

is obliged to participate in efforts to defend

300

301 | Nature of Nation and State

the state. This means that constitutionally

defending the state increases the entire

Indonesian nation as the rights and

obligations of every citizen (Hany et al.,

n.d.). Defending the State is closely related

to ensuring the existence of the Unitary

State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI)

and the realization of the nation's ideals as

contained in the Preamble to the

Constitution, namely, to protect the entire

Indonesian nation and the entire homeland

of Indonesia. Promote public welfare,

educate the nation's life and participate in

implementing world order, which is based

on freedom, eternal peace and social

justice. State defense is defined as the

determination, behavior, and actions of

citizens, both individually and collectively,

in maintaining state sovereignty, territorial

integrity, and the safety of the nation and

state, which is imbued with love for the

Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia

(NKRI), which is based on Pancasila. The

1945 Constitution, in ensuring the survival

of the Indonesian nation and the State from

various threats.

So what is meant by the Basic Level of

State Defense which is imbued with the

basic values of State Defense, which is an

agreement to be the basis for the attitude

and behavior of all Indonesian citizens at all

levels, both at the individual level,

community level to the national level, in

social life, nation and state. Based on the

understanding of the meaning of

defending the country as described above,

as well as extracting the meaning implied in

Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National

Defense, in the explanation of article 9

paragraph (1) (Nomor, 3 C.E.), which states

that:

Efforts to defend the state are the

attitudes and behavior of citizens who are

inspired by their love for the Unitary State

of the Republic of Indonesia based on

Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution in

ensuring the survival of the nation and

state. Efforts to defend the country, apart

from being a basic human obligation, are

also an honor for every citizen which is

carried out with full awareness,

responsibility, and is willing to contribute in

the service of the nation and state. The

understanding that the struggle of the

Indonesian people in building the nation

and the Unitary State of the Republic of

Indonesia as well as maintaining state

sovereignty, territorial integrity and the

safety of the nation's survival, reflects the

vigorous and unyielding fighting ability of

the nation's predecessors So, based on the

three sources of thought above, as well as

the results of stakeholder discussions in the

field of defense, the basic values contained

in efforts to defend the state can be

formulated and categorized into 5 (five)

value groups, namely: Love the homeland

a. Aware of the nation and state

b. Faithful to Pancasila as the State's

Ideology

c. Willing to Sacrifice for the Nation and

State; and

d. Early National Defense Ability

e. Archipelago Insights (Wasantara)

Before discussing the Archipelago

Insight, we should first understand and

understand the Archipelago Insight of a

nation universally. A nation believes that

the ultimate truth or absolute truth is the

truth that comes from God Almighty, the

Creator of the universe. Humans have

advantages over other creatures through

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 302

their mind and conscience, but their ability

to use reason and conscience is limited, so

that one human being and another does

not choose differences of opinion, life,

belief in relationships with their creators

and carry out relationships with others, and

in the way of seeing and understanding

things. These differences, which we call

diversity, need a glue so that the nation

concerned can unite to maintain the

integrity of the country. (Suryawati, 2021)

A nation that has a state, and has

carried out its life, cannot be separated from

the influence of its environment. Influence

arises from the reciprocal relationship

between the nation's philosophy, ideology,

aspirations and ideals and social conditions

of society, culture, traditions, natural

conditions, regions and historical

experiences. This insight is intended to

ensure the continuity of life, territorial

integrity and national identity. The word

insight itself comes from wawas which

means to see or see. With the addition of

this word literally means the direction of

sight or way of viewing or perspective.

(Rahma et al., n.d.)

The life of a nation and state is always

influenced by the development of the

strategic environment (Darmawan et al.,

2020). Therefore, this insight must be able

to inspire a nation in facing various

obstacles and challenges posed by the

strategic environment and in pursuing its

glory. In realizing the basic idea of the

Archipelago Insight which is full of

aspirations and struggles, a nation needs to

pay attention to several factors:

Geography-Geostrategy and

Geopolitics (the earth, or the space in which

the nation lives) Formal historical and

juridical (soul, determination, and spirit of

the person or the people) Surrounding

environment (national interest)

Thus, national insight is the perspective

of a nation that has a state about itself and

its environment in its existence and is

connected (through interaction and

interrelation) and in its development in the

national (including local and proportional)

regional, and global environment (Danniarti,

2017).

Archipelago Insights in Legislation

Archipelago insight as the appreciation

of life and recognition of the characteristics

of the environment has been owned by the

Indonesian people since time immemorial,

although it is not formulated explicitly and

systematically. This is understandable

because the attention of our ancestors was

focused on the mind so that the expression

of life beliefs takes place starting from

verse, symbols, singing, figurative words

and of course behavior with certain

psychological influences.

As a guideline for national

development and as a national

development system, the way of life and life

of the nation/state has only been officially

confirmed by MPR Decree No.

IV/MPR/1973 dated March 22, 1973

concerning the Outlines of State Policy

(GBHN). In the decree, the main points of

the Archipelago Insight are stated as

insights in achieving the goals of national

development.

The Purpose of Archipelago Insight

The purpose of the Archipelago Insight

as Indonesia's National Insight, the

archipelago insight as a perspective should

303 | Nature of Nation and State

not deviate from the national goal. If the

national goal is a just and prosperous

society, then the goal of the archipelago

insight is to create happiness and peace for

all human beings in the world.

Thus, the insight of the archipelago,

based on Pancasila and the 1945

Constitution, does not only pay attention to

its national interests. The Archipelago

Insight also accepts the burden of a natural

obligation to always pay attention to the

environment in the context of participating

in organizing and fostering world welfare

and peace. The purpose of the archipelago

insight includes inward and outward goals.

Inward aims to realize unity in all aspects of

life, both natural and social aspects. The

natural aspect includes 3 (three) things,

namely the geographical location in the

cross position, the condition and natural

wealth, the condition and ability of the

population. These three aspects are called

the Trigatra. Meanwhile, the social aspect

includes five things, namely the ideological

aspect, the political aspect, the economic

aspect, the socio-cultural aspect, and the

defense and security strategy. These five

aspects are called Pancagatra. Meanwhile,

the aim of insight into the archipelago is to

participate in realizing happiness, order

and peace for all mankind.

It should be noted that the application

of continental insight, nautical insight, and

aerospace insight that is not integrated has

weaknesses and strengths. Only a

harmonious and balanced combination of

these three insights can neutralize the

weaknesses that exist in each of these

insights. The adoption of certain insights

will greatly influence the conception of

implementation in all fields of Indonesia's

national activities which geographically

consist of land and sea, so it is difficult to

state which element is more important.

Therefore, it is not possible to adopt a single

insight, because it will not be effective and

effective. A national insight must be a

reflection of the nation's ideology. For

Indonesia, national insight must be a

reflection of the philosophy of the

Indonesian nation and state, namely

Pancasila.

Development and Strengthening of

National Identity Character

Character or temperament which is a

characteristic of an attitude and behavior of

citizens of a nation that distinguishes it from

other nations, which is formed based on the

historical experience of the nation's culture

that grows and develops along with the

growth and development of the nation. The

character possessed by humans is used as

the identity of a nation. National identity is

not permanent, it will change along with

changes in the attitudes and daily behavior

of citizens who are influenced by various

environmental factors around them, which

in turn reflects the image of the nation's

identity.

Nationality Insight is a conception of

the Indonesian nation's perspective in the

context of managing the life of the nation

and state based on national identity. In

order to better understand the meaning of

National Insight in the life of the nation and

state, in this third part will be explained

more deeply about national identity,

character, and development and

strengthening of national identity.

Definition of National Identity

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 304

What is Identity? According to the Big

Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) identity is: the

characteristics of a person's description, or

special circumstances. It can also be

interpreted as identity, core, soul, spirit, and

inner or spiritual driving force. Meanwhile,

according to experts, it is something that

describes an essential person about a

person such as character, nature, character,

personality and morals. In the

understanding of national insight, national

identity is a reflection of the character,

character, personality and morals of the

Indonesian nation, which is a manifestation

of the ideology of citizens' life based on

Pancasila (Gitlin, 2019).

Where does identity come from?

identity is formed from the feelings,

thoughts and actions that we do every day.

Then it becomes a habit. These habits will

eventually become character. A collection

of characters will form an identity. And so

on, the cycle revolves in daily life, which has

implications for the inconsistency of one's

identity (Gitlin, 2019).

A person's personal character is

character, character, morals, or personality

that is formed from the results of

internalizing various virtues that are

believed and used as a basis for perspective,

thinking, behaving, behaving and acting. A

set of family characters operating in a

society will shape the character of the

community, then a set of community

characters operating in an area will form a

regional character, then a set of regional

characters will form a national character

(Gitlin, 2019).

Understanding Local Wisdom

Local wisdom is a view of life and

knowledge as well as various life strategies

in the form of activities, which are carried

out by local communities in overcoming

various problems in their efforts to meet

their needs covering all aspects of life such

as: religion, science, economy, technology,

social organization, Language and

communication, as well as art, by paying

attention to natural resources in their

environment (Andriana et al., 2017).

Local wisdom has existed in people's

lives since ancient times starting from

prehistoric times to the present, local

wisdom is a positive human behavior in

relation to nature and the surrounding

environment which can be sourced from

religious values, customs, advice from

ancestors or local culture. , can be in the

form of values, norms, ethics, beliefs, and

special rules (Wirawan et al., 2020). Local

wisdom is built naturally in a community to

adapt to the surrounding environment, is

born and develops from generation to

generation, survives and develops by itself

without any education and training, and

without any underlying science and

technology. The growth and development

of local wisdom departs from efforts to

harmonize with the conditions of the

physical and biological environment, then

believe in the truth, through the habit of

practicing this tradition which is then

passed down from generation to

generation. The next generation is

conditioned to accept the truth and believe

it, for example with regard to taboos,

values, standards of behavior and so on.

Often subsequent generations do not

realize where this legacy of wisdom came

from.

Local wisdom is interpreted as a local

305 | Nature of Nation and State

culture that develops in an area, whose

elements are the culture of the ethnic

groups living in that area. Local wisdom can

be found in songs, proverbs, mantras,

advice, slogans, ancient books, dances,

medical systems, health foods, livelihood

systems, belief systems and everyday

human behavior. The sustainability of the

local wisdom will be reflected in the values

prevailing in certain community groups.

These values become the lifeline of certain

community groups, which will usually

become an inseparable part of life that can

be taken through their daily behavior,

meaning that they have been internalized

and manifested in attitudes and behavior.

(Heryanti, n.d.)

Characteristics of Local Wisdom

The following are some of the

characteristics of local wisdom, as follows:

a. Able to withstand foreign cultures,

b. Have the ability to accommodate

foreign cultures,

c. Have the ability to control

d. Have the ability to integrate elements of

foreign culture into the original culture,

e. Able to give direction to cultural

development.

There are several functions of local

wisdom, as follows: As a means of

conservation and preservation of natural

resources. As a means of developing culture

and science. As advice, belief, literature and

taboos.

Figure 1. developing culture

Figure 2. Building Culture

Local Wisdom Function

The forms of local wisdom in society

can be in the form of values, norms, ethics,

beliefs, customs, customary law, and special

rules (Pingge, 2019). Therefore, the forms

vary and people live, their functions are

various:

a. Functioning for the conservation and

preservation of natural resources, for

example the belief in the celako kumali

of the Serawai Bengkulu tribe, means

preserving the environment through

taboo values in farming and the

tradition of tanjak planting.

b. Functions for the development of

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 306

human resources, for example related to

life cycle ceremonies, for example the

concept of kanda pat rate (from seed to

death), Balinese local wisdom, the

concept of the mitoni ceremony, tedak

siti from Java.

c. Serves for the development of culture

and science

d. Functions as advice, beliefs, literature

and taboos

e. Social meaning, for example,

communal/relative integration

ceremony, agricultural cycle ceremony

in Using village in Kemiren, East Java.

f. Meaningful ethics and morals are

manifested, for example in the Ngaben

ceremony in Bali

g. Political meaning, for example in the

ceremony of langluk languishing to ask

for the safety of Bali to be kept away

from negative things, especially a

number of disasters that have occurred

so far in the archipelago.

Security Defense Aspects of Resilience

Defense and security are the universal

efforts of all Indonesian people in

defending and securing the country for the

survival of the nation and the Unitary

Republic of Indonesia. Defense and Security

is carried out by compiling, mobilizing, and

mobilizing all national potentials, including

community strength, in an integrated

manner and mutually support one another

(Sihombing & Hasibuan, 2019). Defense

and security are dynamic which need to be

reflected in the condition and situation of

the nation's deterrence based on the

awareness of defending the state of all

components of society, the use of

advanced and strong

defense and security science and

technology, and so on. The description

above shows that the conditions of national

life faced by the Indonesian people. A

resilient, resilient, and strong national

resilience must be manifested in the

resilience of each of the above aspects,

while still being based on a commitment to

the national consensus of Pancasila, the

1945 Constitution, Bhennika Tunggal Ika

and the Unitary State of the Republic of

Indonesia. To realize a strong national

defense, every citizen needs to:

a. Having and supporting a high fighting

spirit, in the form of tenacity, toughness,

and relentless in the face of challenges,

threats, obstacles and disturbances

(TAHG) from outside and from within

that will undermine the identity,

integrity, survival of the nation and state,

as well as the achievement of goals

national.

b. Aware and concerned about the

influences that arise on aspects of

ideology, politics, economy, social

culture and defense and security

(IPOLEKSOSBUDHANKAM), so that

every citizen can eliminate and

overcome these influences.

Explanation of threats from abroad and

from within the country regarding the

defense of the Indonesian state: Threats

from abroad which means all forms of

threats originating from abroad related to

national defense and security. Examples of

foreign threats include:

1) Aggression

Where aggression is the use of

weapons by other countries against the

sovereignty of the state, which is a threat

that can harm a country that is being

307 | Nature of Nation and State

targeted for invasion. (Zuhra, 2020)

2) There is a territorial violation.

Various efforts made by other

countries that want to invade may enter

areas without any permission and carry

out direct invasions by deploying fighter

aircraft in attack. Of course it's

threatening.

3) Espionage

Actions to obtain confidential

information that is found, especially if

the information is information about a

country in any way. This activity is

usually carried out by Intelligence.

4) Sabotage

Sabotage is actions that damage

buildings, equipment and weapons that

have been planned by other countries

against a country that is used as a target.

5) Acts of Terrorism

The act of trying to evoke feelings

of terror or dread for the people in the

targeted country.

Domestic threats are another form

of external threats. If external threats

come from outside, then internal threats

come from all forms of threats that

come from within the country and are

related to national defense and security

to overcome them. Examples of

domestic threats are:

1) Armed rebellion

The act of trying to rebel and

challenge the powers that have been

or have been authorized.

2) Civil War

Civil War can also cause losses

for a country due to attacks between

groups by people in the same area.

3) Terror acts from within the country

In addition to terrorism can occur

in international reach. Sometimes,

acts of terrorism can occur from

within their own country. This of

course will be a threat in itself if acts

such as terrorism can occur in the

country.

4) Problems with KKN (Corruption,

Collusion and Nepotism).

As we know that KKN

(Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism)

is an act carried out by state officials

for their own interests and can harm

the community.

5) The existence of many drug-related

cases can be a threat.

This is because considering that

the next generation of the nation will

be threatened if the occurrence of

frequent drug cases in various

regions can be a threat and hamper

especially for the development of

future successors. The movement in

the form of an attempt to secede from

the state became one of the domestic

threats, an example of which can be

seen in the PKI rebellion.

DISCUSSION

Knowing threats from outside and

within the country, we will also get to

know about threats in the military field

and threats in the field of defense and

security. Where, each is defined as

follows:

a. Threats in the military sector mean

activities carried out both

domestically and abroad or any

business that uses weapons to

endanger the sovereignty, safety and

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 308

even the integrity of a country and is

of course threatening.

b. Threats in the field of defense and

security mean all efforts with the

intention of harming or disturbing the

sovereignty of a country. Whether it

is threatening, hindering or arguably

disturbing the sovereignty of the

country itself.

Basic Concepts Of Indonesian

National Defense

National resilience is a condition of

national life that must be realized. A living

condition that is fostered early,

continuously and synergistically, starting

from the individual, family, environment,

regional and national level, with the capital

of tenacity and toughness, which contains

the ability to develop national strength.

National resilience is a continuous process

and to create conditions, it is carried out

based on geostrategic thinking, namely a

conception designed and formulated by

taking into account the condition of the

nation and the geographical constellation

of Indonesia. (Prakoso & Dohamid, 2021)

As a geostrategic, national security

must be able to face Threats, Disturbances,

Barriers and Challenges (AGHT) in order to

ensure the upholding of independence,

sovereignty, national unity and territorial

integrity.

The elements of national power in

Indonesia in National Resilience are known

as gatra which were formulated and

developed by Lemhanas. The elements of

national power are known as Astagatra

which consists of Trigatra and Pancagatra.

Gosh, as an element or element of national

power, uses a soft power approach rather

than hard power. What is meant by soft

power is the ability of a country to influence

the policies of other countries in a

persuasive way, while hard power is the

ability to make other countries do what the

country wants, using their military,

economic and resource power (Aras &

Mohammed, 2019). Indonesia, with its

concept of national resilience, uses soft

power by prioritizing cooperation, mutual

respect and respect for the sovereignty of

other countries when dealing with other

countries, meaning that the Indonesian

people prefer the peaceful way to violence

(conflict or war) in resolving any problems

regarding international relations or

relations between countries. Nation In

addition, National Resilience has

dimensions of profile, principles,

characteristics, and general policies, which

are dynamic in accordance with the times.

National Security General Policy

Basically the conception of Indonesian

National Resilience provides feedback on

the operative pattern of regulating and

administering welfare and security in

national life (Yustiana et al., 2021), namely:

a. National Resilience is implemented as a

whole (comprehensive-integrative)

b. National Resilience uses a welfare and

security approach.

c. National Resilience is implemented

based on real/real conditions, essentially

threats, disturbances, obstacles and

challenges, and is oriented towards

national goals. Therefore, proper

appreciation is needed.

d. National Resilience must be seen as a

source of national strength.

Leadership Morals and Ethics in

309 | Nature of Nation and State

Managing National Identity In the

understanding of national insight, national

identity is a reflection of the character,

nature, character, personality and morals of

the Indonesian nation, a manifestation of

the ideology of citizen life based on

Pancasila. Therefore, becoming a national

identity is very important because it is a

symbol and character of a nation.

National identity is a national cultural

identity that concerns the social structure

that we use every day as ways to organize

life. National identity is not permanent or

permanent, it will change along with

changes in the attitudes and daily behavior

of its citizens which are influenced by

various internal and external environmental

factors, which in turn shape the image of

the nation's identity. (Liu & Turner, 2018)

In order for the identity of the

Indonesian nation to be well maintained,

and respected by the world community, it

is necessary to have moral and ethical

leadership that is able to manage it

optimally (Gitlin, 2019). Moral leadership,

moral relates to human actions that are in

accordance with the standards / standards

accepted by the public. The moral of

leadership for national leaders originating

from Pancasila is reflected in an integrated

manner in the five precepts of Pancasila,

which can be explained as follows:

a. Moral of Faith

b. Humanity Morals

c. Moral of togetherness and nationality

d. People's morals and

e. Moral justice.

Development Of The Universal Defense

Of The Republic Of Indonesia

The universal defense system combines

Military Defense and Non-Military Defense,

through efforts to build strong and

respected defense forces and capabilities

and have deterrence. Defenses that are

prepared early mean that the universal

defense system is built from peacetime to

wartime, as the real condition is that

building defenses takes a long time, while

war can happen at any time.

Threats, Terrorism against the

Sovereignty and Integrity of the Republic of

Indonesia. A terrorism group is a fact or fact

based on several thoughts, both related to

religious and non-religious ideologies,

which consist of: a. Religious terrorist

group,

a. Religious terrorist groups include:

1) Christian Fundamentalists in the

Middle Ages George W. Bush was the

main supporter of neoimperalism, so

the science of the hereafter emerged,

which essentially means the stability

of life in the world for heaven as

promised by the Lord Jesus. The

world for them is a place to produce

heaven. They are not satisfied with

modernism and they try to run away

in search of salvation and Protection

from God and religion.

2) Jewish fundamentalists differ from

Christian fundamentalists. Jewish

fundamentalists are closely related to

the geopolitical constellation. Jewish

fundamentalists are an

understanding that believes that the

land of Palestine is a blessing

presented to the children of God, this

idea which gave birth to the state of

Israel in the land of Palestine. The

Fundamentalist group which claims

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 310

to be a community of faith has

formed a secular Zionist government

to maintain the existence of the Jews.

3) Islamic Fundamentalism: the

phenomenon of Islamic

fundamentalism wrapped in

ontological beliefs to carry out

terrorism, in an effort to achieve

political goals, is a powerful force in

this 21st century. They oppose

injustice and, the application of US

power in the Middle East. The

resistance of a group of Muslims with

the flag of jihad, because they do not

benefit politically or economically.

Examples: among others, ISIS, Al-

Qaida, Boko Haram, Jamaah Islamiah

etc.

4) Aum Shinrikyo, Aum Shinrikyo

roughly reads, Religion of Truth, they

are fighting for a new religion in

Japan. The group caused an

international uproar on March 20,

1995, when some of its members

carried out a sarin gas attack on the

Tokyo subway, which killed 12

people, made 54 seriously ill, and

affected more than 980 people.

b. Non-Religious Terrorism Group.

There are several groups based on

non-religious beliefs that are considered

terrorists by each country or several

countries, including:

1) Communist Party of the

Philippines/New People's Army

(CPP/NPA) or a group of communist

parties in the Philippines. The group

aims to create a socialist state

through a new democracy by

launching a people's war. This group

is labeled a terrorist by the

government of the Philippines, the

European Union and the United

States.

2) The Communist Party of India

(Maoist). The Communist Party of

India (Maoist) is a Maoist political

party in India which aims to overthrow

the Indian government through

violent means. This group is labeled a

terrorist by the Indian government.

Based on the fact that terrorism is a

threat that harms society, the nation

and the state, we must be committed

to preventing and overcoming it. The

government as a policy maker must

be in accordance with the problems

that occur, for the safety of the

community, nation and state.

Various National Defense Threats

Threats to defense are every effort and

activity, both from within the country and

from abroad, that are in conflict with

Pancasila and threaten or endanger the

sovereignty of the state, the territorial

integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and

the safety of the entire nation. Management

of National Resources for National Defense

is prepared early to face threats. These

threats consist of military threats, and non-

military threats and hybrid threats. (Aulia &

Hasan, 2019)

a. Military threats are threats that use

organized armed forces which are

considered to have capabilities that

endanger the sovereignty of the state,

the territorial integrity of the Unitary

State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI),

and the safety of the entire nation.

Military threats are physical and

311 | Nature of Nation and State

can be formed as aggression or non-

aggression. Military threats take the

form of aggression in the form of the use

of armed force by a country that

threatens the Unitary State of the

Republic of Indonesia. Threats in the

form of non-aggression are military

threats of a limited scale so that they are

handled with a certain approach that is

different from the approach to military

aggression of a country.

b. Non-military threats are threats that do

not use armed force, but are considered

to have the ability or potential to

endanger or have implications for

threatening the sovereignty of the state,

the territorial integrity of the state, and

the safety of the entire nation. Non-

military threats that can endanger or

have implications for national defense.

Non-military threats have ideological,

political, socio-cultural, technological,

public safety and legislation dimensions.

This type of threat can come from

abroad and can also come from within

the country, and is carried out by state

actors, as well as non-state actors.

c. Hybrid threats are threats that are mixed

and are an integration between military

threats and non-military threats.

The manifestation of military threats,

non-military threats and hybrid threats can

be in the form of: aggression, terrorism,

communism, separatism, armed rebellion,

threats of natural disasters, environmental

damage, violation of border areas, piracy

and theft of natural resources, disease

outbreaks, drug trafficking and abuse,

cybercrime area attacks, nuclear attacks,

biological attacks, chemical attacks, or

other forms of threats that endanger the

sovereignty of the state, the territorial

integrity of the Unitary State of the

Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the

entire nation.

CONCLUSIONS

Drug abuse and illicit trafficking is a

global phenomenon that is very scary and

very dangerous for the nation and state.

The impact of workers using drugs has also

touched almost the entire community in all

groups, even this drug development has

penetrated all over the place and has even

reached schools, both elementary, junior

and senior high schools and also in

universities. If this condition continues, the

result will be a decline in the quality of the

younger generation which means it will

reduce the nation's assets. This is a serious

threat to national defense, and requires the

synergy of military defense and non-

military defense in dealing with it.

The following is an effort to prevent

drug use in the state defense movement,

which was initiated by the National

Population and Family Planning Agency.

Primary Prevention. This prevention is

carried out for people who are not familiar

with drugs and community components

that have the potential to prevent drug

abuse. The activities carried out include:

Counseling about the dangers of drugs,

Information through various media about

the dangers of drugs, Education about drug

knowledge and its dangers. Secondary

Prevention. This prevention is carried out

for people who are trying to abuse drugs as

well as community components that have

the potential to help stop drug abuse. The

activities carried out include: Early

Yuliana Yuli W, Satino, Marina Ery Setiyawati | 312

detection of children who blame drugs,

Counseling, Social guidance through home

visits, Information and education on

individual development, Live skills, among

others, about good decision-making skills.

Tertiary prevention. This prevention is

carried out for people who are currently

using drugs and who have been/former

drug users, as well as community

components that have the potential to help

stop drug abuse in order to avoid it. These

activities include: Counseling and social

guidance to users and their families and

environmental groups. Creating a

conducive environment for former users so

that they are not ensnared to return as drug

users.

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