JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 2, No. 1, 14 – 26
E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v2i1.235 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
POTENTIAL NANO GEL AVOCODO SEED EXTRACT AS AN
ALTERNATIVE RELIEF IN WOUNDS AFTER REMOVAL OF
WHITE RATS TOOTH
Yulistina
1*
Ari Suwondo
2
Bedjo Santoso
3
123
Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang, Indonesia
e-mail: yulistina1899@gmail.com
*Correspondence: yulistina1899@gmail.com
Submitted: 25 July 2022, Revised: 05 August 2022, Accepted: 25 August 2022
Abstract. Inflammation, bleeding, swelling, pain, dry socket are common complications of tooth
extraction. The inflammatory response is divided into two, including the administration of non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Every use of
chemical drugs has side effects. Herbal ingredients are needed, namely avocado seeds as an
alternative treatment in preventing inflammation in wounds after tooth extraction. Avocado seeds
contain polyphenols that play a role in inflammation in wounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids,
tannins, and saponins. Experiment with randomized posttest design with control group design.
Consisting of intervention group nano gel avocado seed extract 10%, positive control group
povidone iodine 10% and aquadest. Observations were made for 7 days. The variables studied
were inflammation of the wound after tooth extraction of rats and histopathological examination
(Lymphocytes, Neocapillary and Fibroblasts). Based on the results of the unpaired test, the avocado
and povidone groups were not significantly different (p=0.143), the avocado and aquadest groups
had a significant difference (p=0.001) and the povidone and aquadest groups had a significant
difference (p =0.015). The administration of nano gel of avocado seed extract with a concentration
of 10% and 10% povidone iodine has the same ability in the process of wound regeneration and
increases new blood vessels and can also reduce the number of lymphocyte inflammatory cells as
evidenced by histological examination . The administration of nano gel of avocado seed extract is
effective and can be applied as an alternative to prevent inflammation in wounds after tooth
extraction in white rats.
Keywords: potential; nano gel avocado seed extract; inflammation wound extraction.
Yulistina, Ari Suwondo, Bedjo Santoso
| 15
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v2i1.235 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
INTRODUCTION
Dental and oral health is one part of
body health that cannot be separated from
each other, because dental and oral health
can affect overall body health.
The presence of dental and oral
diseases can affect general health, although
it does not cause death directly. Dental &
oral health is generally not a priority for
some people, and in fact teeth and mouth
are the gateway for germs or bacteria to
enter as a result can damage the health of
other body organs (Hasiru et al., 2019);
(Laily et al., 2021).
From Basic Health Research data in
2018 that the proportion of dental & oral
health problems and getting services from
medical personnel in Indonesia is 57.6%,
(Laily et al., 2021) and the tooth extraction
rate in Indonesia reaches 7.9%. Meanwhile,
the tooth extraction rate in Central Java in
2018 reached 5.2%. (Lumunon et al., 2019)
(Kemenkes, 2018) .
Tooth extraction is a the process of
removing a tooth from the alveolus, in
which the tooth can no longer be treated
and can no longer be maintained. In the act
of tooth extraction complications can occur
caused by local or systemic factors of the
patient and (Winiswara et al., 2021); (Lande
et al., 2015). Complications due to wounds
after tooth extraction that are often found
are classified as intraoperative, after
extraction and long after extraction.
Bleeding, swelling, pain, dry socket,
fracture, and mandibular dislocation are
complications that are commonly found
due to tooth extraction. (Lande et al., 2015).
Post-extraction of teeth can not be
separated from the formation of a wound
or hole called a socket. The basic response
to damage or injury after tooth extraction
is inflammation, which then proceeds in the
process of tissue repair, namely the
replacement of dead cells with living cells
from fibrous tissue. The main cells involved
in the wound healing process are fibrous.
When the tissue becomes inflamed,
fibroblasts immediately migrate to the
wound area, multiply and produce a
collagen matrix to repair damaged tissue
(Khairunnisa et al., 2018).
Currently, research using herbal
ingredients is the focus of researchers. c.
Avocado plant (Persea Americana mill) is
one of the most widespread plants in
Indonesia. This study used avocado seeds
(Persea Americana mill) as an alternative
treatment to prevent inflammation in
wounds after tooth extraction. Avocado
seeds contain several polyphenols that play
a role in the process of preventing
inflammation in wounds, including
flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins
(Amelia et al., 2017).
Research conducted by Asep, et al. The
effectiveness test of avocado leaf extract
with a concentration of 5% w/w showed the
best effectiveness on wound healing after 5
days. (8) Research conducted by Sastya, et
al.effectiveness of banana tree sap extract
(Musa paradisiaca) whose content or
compounds are the same as avocado seeds
is effective and also effective and optimal in
the process of accelerating the healing of
socket wounds after tooth extraction.
Research conducted by (Lande et al., 2015).
The effect of avocado seed extract (Persea
Americana mill) on bleeding time in cutting
Yulistina, Ari Suwondo, Bedjo Santoso
| 16
the tail of mice (Strain Balb-c) has an effect
on the acceleration of bleeding time,
compared to negative controls (Winiswara
et al., 2021).
Based on the above background, this
study was conducted to prove the potential
of avocado seed extract nano gel as an
effort to prevent inflammation in wounds
after tooth extraction and has great
effectiveness as anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, antioxidant and antimicrobial.
Previous studies that have a similar
discussion are research conducted by
(Bujung et al., 2017) with the aim of
knowing the inhibition of avocado seed
extract (Persea Americana mill) on the
growth of Streptococcus mutans. The
results of the study stated that avocado
seed extract had a very strong inhibitory
effect on the growth of Streptococcus
mutans.
Research conducted by (Putri, 2017)
aimed to determine the effectiveness of
administration of avocado seed extract on
the growth of Streptococcus viridans
bacteria. The results showed that avocado
seed extract had an antibiotic effect against
Streptococcus viridans at a concentration
of 50% with an inhibitory diameter of 19.49
mm, a concentration of 25% had an
average diameter of 14.57 mm, a
concentration of 12.5% had an average
diameter of inhibition. an average of 13.03
mm, a concentration of 6.25% has an
average inhibitory diameter of 11.25 mm.
Research conducted by (Malangngi et
al., 2012) with the aim of determining the
tannin content and testing the antioxidant
activity of fresh and dried avocado seed
extract. The results showed that the highest
antioxidant activity was shown by the
extract of ordinary dried avocado seeds
(93.045%), followed by dry butter avocado
seeds (92.970%), fresh ordinary avocado
seeds (85.870%) and fresh butter avocado
seeds (67.645%). Avocado seeds have a
high percentage of antioxidant activity so
they can be considered as a source of
natural antioxidants.
Other relevant research was conducted
by (Zakiah et al., 2021) which aims to obtain
a good formulation and physical stability,
antioxidant power and the effect of
different HPMC on antioxidants. The results
of avocado seed extract research based on
linear regression test using SPSS
application showed that there was an effect
of HPMC differences on viscosity and
antioxidant power.
This research is a new innovation using
nano avocado seed extract (Persea
Americana mill) which is made into a gel
preparation. The difference between this
study and other studies is that the
dependent variable only examines the
effectiveness of avocado seed extract on
the growth of streptococcus and also the
anti-inflammatory activity contained in
avocado seeds.
Based on the above background, this
study was conducted to prove the potential
of nano gel of avocado seed extract (Persea
Americana mill) and can be applied as an
alternative to prevent inflammation in
wounds after tooth extraction of white rats
(Rattus Norvegicus wistar), analyze the
effectiveness of nano gel of fruit seed
extract. avocado (Persea Americana mill)
with 10% concentration and 10% povidone
iodine on the prevention of wound
17 | Potential Nano Gel Avocodo Seed Extract as an Alternative Relief in Wounds After
Removal of White Rats Tooth
inflammation after tooth extraction of
white rats (Rattus Norvegicus wistar) and
knowing the histopathological description
of gingival tissue between the use of nano
gel of avocado seed extract with a
concentration of 10% (Persea Americana
mill) and 10% povidone iodine on days 3, 5
and 7 on wounds after tooth extraction of
white rats (Rattus Norvegicus wistar).
METHODS
Research will be carried out in May
2022 at the UNDIP Integrated Laboratory
(bioano), Experimental Animal Laboratory
of UNDIP Medical Faculty, UNDIP Medical
Faculty Central Laboratory, UNDIP
Histology Preparation Laboratory, and
Diponegoro National Hospital. This study
consisted of independent variables, namely
nano gel avocado seed extract (Persea
Americana mill), the dependent variable
was inflammation of the wound after tooth
extraction and histopathology of the
injured gingival tissue. The sample required
in this study amounted to 30 samples.
However, only 24 samples will be observed
with the reason that 6 other samples were
sacrificed for histopathological
examination on days 3,5 and 7.
The sampling method in this study was
based on the inclusion and exclusion
criteria set by the researcher. The inclusion
criteria that have been set by the researcher
are the sample using the type of white rat
(Rattus Norvegicus wistar), male sex, body
weight between 180-250 grams and age of
about 2-3 months (adults). And the
exclusion criteria were that there were
abnormalities that appeared in the rats in
the form of abnormalities in the teeth and
rats that died during the adaptation period.
The type of research used is laboratory and
field experiments, pure experiments with
randomized posttest with control group
design.research True experimental with
randomized posttest with control group
design can be described as follows
(Notoatmodjo, 2018).
K1 C1 O1
R K2 C2 O2
K3 X1 O3
Information :
R : Randomization
K1 and K2 : Control group
K3 : Intervention group
C1 : Negative control group
giving aquades
C2 : Positive control group
giving povidone iodine 10%
X1 : Intervention group giving
nano gel extract Avocado seeds
concentration 10%
O1 : Posttest administration of
distilled water
O2 : Posttest administration of
povidone iodine 10%
O3 : Posttest administration of
nano gel of avocado seed extract 10%
concentration
Yulistina, Ari Suwondo, Bedjo Santoso
| 18
Figure 1. Research Flow Research
Results and Discussion
Reduction of inflammation in test
animals seen from post-wound conditions
tooth extraction according to a
predetermined score, namely a score of 4 is
severe inflammation, positive bleeding (not
healed), a score of 3 is severe inflammation,
positive bleeding, a score of 2 is moderate
inflammation, negative bleeding, a score of
1 is mild inflammation, negative bleeding
and a score of 0 is negative inflammation
(cured). Then these results were proven by
histopathological examinations on days 3,
5 and 7.
1. Data Analysis Presentation Description
19 | Potential Nano Gel Avocodo Seed Extract as an Alternative Relief in Wounds After
Removal of White Rats Tooth
Table 1. Results of Observation of Inflammation in Wounds After Rat Teeth Extraction On
K1 Nano Gel Avocado Seed Extract
Day
-
Intervention Group (K1)
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K
9
K1
0
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
-
-
1
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
Table 1 shows that the intervention
group was treated with the application of
nano gel avocado seed extract
concentration of 10% on day 3 of
observation there is a score of 2 (moderate
inflammation), on day 5 of observation
there is a score of 1 which means (mild
inflammation) and on day 7 the
observation shows a score of 0 which
means the wound has no inflammation.
Table 2. Results of Observation of Inflammation in Wounds After Teeth Extraction of Rats on
C+ (Povidone iodine 10%)
Day-
Contr
ol
group +
C+
1
C+
2
C+
3
C+
4
C+
5
C+
6
C+
7
C+
8
C
+
9
C+
10
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
-
2
3
5
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
-
2
2
6
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
-
-
1
7
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
-
-
0
Table 2 shows that the C+ control group
was positive with 10% Povidone iodine
application treatment on day 1 3
observations there is a score of 3 (severe
inflammation) meaning there is positive
bleeding, on the 5th day of observation
there is a score of 2 which means
(moderate inflammation) and on day 7 the
observation shows a score of 0 which
means the wound has no inflammation.
Yulistina, Ari Suwondo, Bedjo Santoso
| 20
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v2i1.235 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
Table 3. Results of Observation of Inflammation in Wounds After Teeth Extraction of Rats
on C- (Aquadest)
Day
C
Control Group -
-
1
C-
2
3
C-
4
C-
5
C-
6
C-
7
C-
8
C-
9
C-
10
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-
3
3
5
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
-
3
3
6
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
-
-
2
7
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
Table 3 shows that the C- negative
control group with Aquadest application
treatment on the 3rd day of observation
contained a score of 4 (severe
inflammation) means there is positive
bleeding, on day 5 of observation there is a
score of 3 which means (severe
inflammation) and on day 7 the
observation shows a score of 1 which
means the wound still has mild
inflammation.
Table 4. Results of Observation of Lymphocyte Inflammatory Cells in Wounds After Teeth
Extraction Rats
Field
of
view
K1
3
K1
5
K1
7
C+
3
C+
5
C+
7
C-3
C-
5
C-
7
I
+2
+1
+2
+1
+1
+ 2
+3
+2
+4
II
+2
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+3
+2
III
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+3
+3
Table 5. Observations New Blood Vessels (Neocapillaryization) In Wounds After Teeth
Extraction Rats
Visual
Field
K1
3
K1
5
K1
7
C-
3
C-
5
C-
7
C+3
C+
5
C+
7
I
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
II
1
0
0
2
1
2
1
1
1
III
1
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
21 | Potential Nano Gel Avocodo Seed Extract as an Alternative Relief in Wounds After
Removal of White Rats Tooth
Table 6. Observations of Connective Tissue (Fibroblasts) in Wounds After Teeth Extraction
Rats
Field of
View
K1
3
K1
5
K1
7
3
C-
5
7
C
+3
C+
5
C+
7
I
3
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
II
3
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
III
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
Based on tables 4,5 and 6 show the final
results of inflammatory cell observations
lymphocyte, that is, there is a picture of a
difference in the number of inflammatory
cells of lymphocytes in K1, C+ and C-, and
there is a picture of an increase in
neocapillaryization in K1, C+ and C and an
increase in fibroblasts on day 7 which
means fibroblasts are aligned with the
wound surface.
2. Presentation of Inferential Data
Analysis
a. Normality Test
Table 7. Normality Test
Chi
-Square
Sig.
Nano gel avocado seeds 10%
0.001
Povidone iodine10%
0.000
Aquadest
0.000
Based on the normality test of the data
using the Chi-Square it was found that the
7th day data for all groups had an abnormal
distribution ( Chi-Square p < 0.05) so that p
rejected and it can be concluded that the
variable data did not spread following a
normal distribution so that the 7th day data
calculation used the
Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistical
test.
b. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney
Table 8. Test of different groups of Avocado Seeds and Povidone
Treatment
N
Mean ±SD
P-
Value
Avocado
Seed
8
0.3750±0.494
0.143
Povidone
8
Yulistina, Ari Suwondo, Bedjo Santoso
| 22
Table 9. Different test groups of Avocado Seeds and Aquadest
Treatment
N
Mean ±SD
P-Value of
Avocado
Seeds
8
0.3750±0.494
0.001
Aquadest
8
Table 10. Different test groups of Povidone and Aquadest
Treatment
N
Mean ±SD
P-Value of
Povidone
8
0.3750±0.494
0.015
Aquadest
8
Based on the unpaired test, prevention
of increased inflammation in Wounds after
tooth extraction of Rattus norvegicus white
rats on day 7 can be observed:
The group that was given nano gel of
avocado seed extract (Persea Americana
mill) in preventing increased inflammation
after tooth extraction had the same ability
as the group given 10% povidone iodine
with p value =0.143.
The group that was given nano gel of
avocado seed extract (Persea Americana
mill) in preventing an increase in
inflammation after tooth extraction had a
significant difference with the group given
aquadest with p value = 0.001.
The group that was given 10% povidone
iodine in preventing the increase in
inflammation after tooth extraction had a
significant difference with the group given
aquadest with p value = 0.015.
Several studies have shown that
avocado seed extract can improve the
prevention process and can also reduce the
risk of high inflammation in wounds after
tooth extraction. Avocado seeds are known
to contain polyphenolic compounds,
flavonoids, which are good in helping the
process of preventing wound inflammation
after tooth extraction. Flavonoids have
biological and pharmacological activities,
among others, are anti-inflammatory and
protect blood vessels. The use of flavonoids
in the health sector has been widely used in
the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Wounds after tooth extraction of rats in
the positive control group (C+) could
completely heal from inflammation on day
7 and wounds after tooth extraction of rats
and in the intervention group (K1) could
completely heal from inflammation on day
6. These results can also confirm that the
hypothesis in this study can be accepted,
namely that there are differences in the
process of preventing wound inflammation
after tooth extraction of rats in the positive
control group and the intervention group.
In this study, the Particle Size Analyzer
(PSA) test was used to measure the particle
size distribution using the Dynamic Light
Scattering (DLS) method using the Non-
Invasive Back Scatter (NIBS) technique.
151.8 nm (nanometer), in these results are
included in the nano size requirements
because the nanoparticle size ranges from
(10-1000 nm). With a touch of nano
technology, it is expected that the active
23 | Potential Nano Gel Avocodo Seed Extract as an Alternative Relief in Wounds After
Removal of White Rats Tooth
substances will be able to penetrate cell
walls. In the provision and use of avocado
seed extract nano gel which synergizes the
wound healing effect and anti-
inflammatory effect of avocado seed
extract nano gel will provide a better
inflammation prevention effect and change
pharmacogenetic properties and its
pharmacogenomics to be faster
(Marhamah et al., 2014).
Observations of lymphocyte
inflammatory cells in the avocado seed
extract nano gel group (Persea Americana
mill) obtained on the 3rd day were less than
50 cells per field of view, then continued to
decrease on the 5th and 7th days, which
may be due to the acute inflammatory
process occurring more rapidly so that on
day 1 the lymphocytes which are
inflammatory cells infiltrate the wound area
more rapidly. On the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days,
the number of lymphocytes decreased,
which indicated that the antigen was no
longer present, the inflammatory phase
had ended, and the wound had begun to
enter the proliferative phase.
The most important component in the
tissue healing process is the rearrangement
of the collagen network which can affect
the quality of the wound. The targets in the
body's biological process to compensate
for wounds are components that play a role
in the stages of wound healing. Fibroblasts
are one of the components of wound
healing in the form of cells that are widely
distributed in connective tissue, producing
collagen precursor substances, elastic
fibers, and reticular fibers. In the wound
healing stage, fibroblasts play an important
role in the process of fibroplasia.
Fibroplasia is a wound repair process that
involves connective tissue which has four
components, namely the formation of new
blood vessels, migration and proliferation
of fibroblasts, deposition of ECM
(extracellular matrix), and maturation and
organization of fibrous tissue
(remodelling). In these four components,
fibroblasts play a role in the fibrosis process
involving two of the above components,
namely fibroblast migration and
proliferation and ECM deposition by
fibroblasts (Masir et al., 2012). The results
of this study are the same as the theory
above, the results of histological
examination of the wound after tooth
extraction of white rats showed a score of
+2 which means that the fibroblasts are
parallel to the wound surface and have
tissue thickness (fibroblasts), in the
intervention group, the administration of
nano gel of avocado seed extract was
better because of the flavonoid content in
the avocado seed which functions as an
anti-inflammatory so that it can increase
the inflammatory process of the wound
after tooth extraction. In the negative
control that was only given feed and
aquadest, this was because it did not
contain anything, so the wound healing
process after tooth extraction continued to
occur even though it took a long time,
because of the inflammatory phase from
within the body to the wound. This
happens because there are still microbes
and tissue damage that must be
phagocytized by cells in the wound area,
which are still much different from the
active ingredients in the avocado seed
extract nano gel.
Yulistina, Ari Suwondo, Bedjo Santoso
| 24
And the neocapillary observation
showed the final result on day 7 was a
decrease in neocapillary formation because
the wound had started to heal so it had
started to stop the neocapillary formation
process. This decrease indicates that the
neocapillaries formed on days 3 and 5 are
considered sufficient to perform the task as
a blood supply containing nutrients and
other factors that are useful for healing so
that the wound begins to close. The results
showed that the average number of
neocapillaries in the treatment group was
higher than the negative control group. The
results also showed that distilled water did
not have active ingredients so that the
wound healing process took longer and
had a low number of neocapillaries.
The use of herbal plants as an alternative
in reducing inflammation has been carried
out in several studies, but no one has
researched on nano gel which is a novelty
or latest innovation in this study. Research
by Yani Corvianindya Rahayu used avocado
seed powder with a concentration of 10%
(Persea Americana mill) to reduce the
number of PMN neutrophils in mice
induced by E.Coli ,and on the third day
there was a change and affect the number
of PMN neutrophils (Rahayu, 2009).
Another study used banana tree sap extract
(Musa paradisiaca) in the healing of socket
wounds after tooth extraction and the
results showed that there was a reduction
in the level of inflammation and bleeding
from day 1 to day 7 during administration
of ethanol extract of banana tree sap
(Khairunnisa et al., 2018).
In this study, the wound after tooth
extraction of white rats on day 6 in the
avocado seed extract nano gel group had
no inflammation and in the avocado seed
extract nano gel group the inflammation
was faster than 10% povidone iodine and
aquades. One theory states that the
process of preventing inflammation in
post-tooth extraction wounds occurs due
to fibroblast activity which can increase
collagen tissue in wounds so that
inflammation prevention of post-tooth
extraction wounds in mice can occur which
is influenced by the application of herbal
ingredients, namely nano gel avocado seed
extract.
A journal review by Yani Corvianindya
Rahayu mentioned the benefits of avocado
seeds in reducing neutrophil PMN cells that
cause inflammation in wounds after tooth
extraction in mice induced by E. Coli. The
results of this study are in line with the
journal above, it is known that the
application of nano gel of avocado seed
extract has the same potential as 10%
povidone iodine in preventing increased
inflammation in post-extraction wounds
with a p-value of 0.143. Nano gel of
avocado seed extract can prevent
inflammation in wounds after tooth
extraction and the duration of
inflammation is also shorter and can
minimize the occurrence of infection or
inflammation caused by the entry of
microorganisms into the wound.
Inflammation of post-extraction wounds is
a common problem in the community and
is recognized as a more common cause
during treatment. This can be avoided by
giving avocado seed extract nano gel but
further research needs to be done in direct
application to humans in order to avoid
things that are not desirable.
25 | Potential Nano Gel Avocodo Seed Extract as an Alternative Relief in Wounds After
Removal of White Rats Tooth
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the analysis that has been
carried out, several conclusions were
obtained, namely the administration of
nano gel of avocado seed extract (Persea
Americana mill) with a concentration of
10% on the wound after tooth extraction of
white rats (Rattus Norvegicus wistar) has
potential and can be applied as an
alternative herbal ingredient to prevent
inflammation, administration of avocado
seed extract nano gel (Persea Americana
mill) with a concentration of 10% did not
have a significant difference with the
administration of 10% povidone iodine in
preventing inflammation in post-tooth
extraction wounds in mice and
administration of avocado seed extract
nano gel (Persea Americana mill) with a
concentration of 10%. 10% and 10%
povidone iodine, have the same ability in
the process of wound regeneration,
increase new blood vessels and reduce the
number of lymphocyte inflammatory cells
as evidenced by histological examination.
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