JRSSEM 2021, Vol. 01, No. 12, 2158 – 2163
E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i12.231 2158
IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANT BIOACTIVE
COMPOUNDS ON LEAVES OF EGGPLANT SPARROW
(SOLANUM TORVUM) FROM VARIOUS GROWTH
LOCATIONS
Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih
Faculty of Agriculture, UNISKA Kediri, Indonesia
*e-mail: nunukhelilusi@gmail.com
*Correspondence: Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih
Submitted
: June 2022,
Revised
: July 2022,
Accepted
: July 2022
Abstrak. Eggplant plants consist of various types such as purple eggplant, index eggplant, sparrow
eggplant, Dutch eggplant, and others, easy to grow, and favored by consumers. The aim of the
study was to analyze the levels of antioxidant bioactive compounds in the fresh and dried leaves
of the sparrow eggplant in various growing locations. The research method is a quantitative
chemical test with measurement parameters DPPH, Total Phenol, Tannins, and Flavonoids.
Experimental treatments were fresh leaves and dried leaves of sparrow eggplant obtained from 3
locations, namely Malang, Kediri, and Mojokerto. The experimental results showed that there were
differences in the content of bioactive compounds in sparrow eggplant leaves at the three locations
and the potential of the Batu Malang area with an ambient temperature of around 210 C. - 25 0 C
had the highest antioxidant levels, namely wet leaves, and dry leaves in the following order: DPPH
68%, and 70.37%; Total phenol 42.52 mg/g, and 32.13 mg/g; Tannins 0.87 mg/g and 0.76 mg/g;
Flavonoids 0.97 mg/g and 2.12 mg/g.
Keywords: Bioactive; Growing location; Sparrow eggplant (Solanum torvum).
Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih | 2159
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i12.231 2159
INTRODUCTION
Sparrow eggplant is widely grown in
Indonesia and is favored by consumers
because it contains active compounds that
have health functions. The sparrow
eggplant has small fruit with a diameter of
1 cm, green with white spots, when ripe it
turns yellow, some call it rimbang especially
in the West Sumatra area, some call it
takokak, pokak, according to the name of
the area (Kurniawaan, 2019).
(Kurniawan, 2019) explained that this
type of eggplant can inhibit spermatogenic
activity through the hypothalamic-
pituitary-spermatogenesis pathway at a
dose of 10 grams and 15 grams which was
studied in male rats for 1 month because it
contains solasodine alkaloids. Research
(Helilusiatiningsih, 2021), eggplant takokak
or sparrow eggplant which is cured for 5
days at room temperature around 300 C
contains water content 72.3%, ash content
2.2%, protein 5.7%, fat 2.1 %, 13.3%
carbohydrates and experienced a decrease
in fruit weight of about 4.09 grams, fresh
initial weight was just harvested 5.6 grams.
According to another research opinion
(Helilusiatiningsih, 2021), eggplant pokak
obtained from Batu, Malang contains 9.7%
fat content, 3.6% protein content, 0.97%
Vitamin C, 3.7% carbohydrates, also
contains minerals such as Mg 79.1 ppm, Ca
36.6 ppm. According to (Rahman et al.,
2017) takokak fruit has bioactive
compounds, namely steroids, tannins,
flavonoids, saponins. This is in agreement
(Wilda, 2021) turky berry (Solanum torvum)
contains chemical components, namely
steroidal and sapogenin.
Researchers (Helilusiatiningsih et al.,
2020), Solanum torvum found antioxidants
namely tannins, saponins, alkaloids and
flavonoids. The problem is that most
researchers only analyze and consume the
sparrow eggplant or abroad known as the
turkey berry. Parts of plant organs that have
not been widely consumed and studied are
the leaves (Chauhan et al., 2019). This
experiment aims to analyze the content of
antioxidant bioactive compounds in fresh
and dried eggplant leaves obtained from 3
growing locations naamely Mojokerto,
Batu (Malang), Kediri (Nakitto et al., 2021).
The benefits of this research are
novelty, and provide real information from
the sparrow eggplant leaf organs obtained
from growing places with different
climates. Research (Helilusiatiningsih,
2021), explains that freshly picked eggplant
leaves obtained from the source village of
Manjing Kulon Malang have 58.16% water
content, 35.29% carbohydrates, 0.32% fat
and 5.74% protein. vitamin C about 1.34%.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research was carried out from January
to April 2022, in the Chemistry laboratory
of Kadiri Islamic University, East Java and
the Biochemistry Laboratory of Brawijaya
University, Malang. The sparrow eggplant
material was obtained from 3 growing
locations, namely Malang, Kediri and
Mojokerto. Chemicals: 95% methanol, 0.2
mM DPPH, Gallic acid, Folin ciocalteu
reagent, 2 mL Na2CO3 7.5%, distilled water,
NaNO2, NaOH, AlCl3,, Folin ciocalteu, The
tools used in the research: knife, analytical
balance, measuring cup, rotary evaporator,
shaker, filter paper, incubator, analyzed
parameters, namely fresh leaves and dried
Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih 2160
leaves (dried to a moisture content of
about 7%). Three growing locations were
taken.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Pipit eggplant leaves (Mojokerto
location)
Based on quantitative tests on sparrow
eggplant leaf organs are presented in Table
1. And Figure 1. The sparrow eggplant plant
area thrives in the yard where the soil is rich
in water and nutrients. Fresh and dried
leaves have different content of antioxidant
compounds. The dry leaves had higher
levels of DPPH and flavonoids than the
fresh leaves but the total phenol and
tannins were higher in the fresh leaves than
in the dry leaves (Rabeta & Lai, 2013).
According to research
(Helilusiatiningsih, 2021) explained that the
levels of proximate compounds in dry
leaves were higher than fresh leaves except
for higher water content in fresh ones. The
location of plant growth also affects the
nutritional components and phytochemical
compounds present in the fruit, leaves, and
other organs.
Table 1. Growing Locations of Pipit
Eggplant in Mojokerto
Compounds
Fresh
Leaf
Leaves
DPPH (%)
59.56
62.45
Phenol (mg/g)
36.38
10.43
Tannins (mg/g)
0.23
0.18
Flavonoids
(mg)
0.41
1.34
Figure 1. Antioxidant test of sparrow
eggplant leaves
Plants that grow in Kediri are classified
as fertile and easy to plant because they
contain high nutrients. Environmental
influences such as temperature, RH, rainfall,
fertility levels are as required by plants.
Sparrow eggplant has not been widely
cultivated by farmers, grows with the help
of nature and is spread in areas near rivers
or water sources, rather dim (Khanal et al.,
2020). The test results of antioxidant
compounds in the city of Kediri are shown
in Table 2. And Figure 2. The levels of
bioactive compounds are different from the
eggplant in Mojokerto, this is due to
various intrinsic and extrinsic factors
including weather, sunlight intensity,
environmental temperature, water content,
nutrients. and genetic factors (Li, 2013).
According to (Purnamasari et al., 2021),
post-harvest fruit and vegetables are
strongly influenced by internal and external
factors that cause physiological damage
that causes a decrease in the existing
chemical content such as water content,
protein, fat, vitamins A, B, C, E, K,
compounds bioactive compounds, other
compounds due to microbial spoilage or
extreme environmental temperatures.
Table 2. Location of Growing Eggplant
Pipit in Kediri
Compound
Fresh
Leaves
2161 | Identification of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds on Leaves of Eggplant Sparrow (Solanum
Torvum) From Various Growth Locations
Content of
Dried
Leaves
DPPH (%)
61.56
63.40
Total Phenol
(mg/g)
39.23
31.23
Tannins (mg/g)
0.67
0.54
Flavonoids
(mg/g)
0.74
1.98
Pipit Eggplant that grows in cold
temperature areas such as in Batu Malang
is quite a lot because the environment is
supportive. The antioxidant content in the
leaves is higher than that grown in
Mojokerto and Kediri, see Table 3. And
Figure 3. According to (Estiasih et al., 2022),
drying is a way to preserve agricultural
materials so that they lose some water, and
other materials experience changes in their
levels and composition. due to the
biochemical processes that occur in the
material during heating. Research (Kahar &
Ulfiyah, 2016), Eggplant plants are
vegetables that contain nutritional value,
namely vitamins A, B, C, carbohydrates,
proteins and antioxidant compounds
alkaloid solanine.
Table 3. Location of Growing Eggplant
Pipit in Batu Malang
Compound
Content of
Fresh
Leaves
Leaves
Dry
DPPH (%)
68.72
70.37
Total Phenol
(mg/g)
42.52
32.13
Tannins (mg/g)
0.87
0.76
Flavonoids
(mg/g)
0.97
2.12
Figure 3. Eggplant leaf antioxidant test
In the experimental treatment, the
comparison of growing location and
condition of sparrow eggplant leaves can
be shown in Figures 4 and 5. The dried
leaves are more durable if stored in an
airtight container or tightly closed
packaging (Mobolade et al., 2019). Leaf
locations obtained from Batu Malang had
higher DPPH and total phenol, tannin, and
flavonoid values, compared to Kediri and
the lowest was Mojokerto (Rindita et al.,
2020).
Figure 4. Location Test Diagram and Fresh
Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih 2162
Leaves
Figure 5. Location Test Diagram and Dry
Leaves
Areas that have a cool environmental
temperature and optimal nutrient content
support the growth and development of
eggplant plants to be effective so that the
bioactive content formed is higher in Batu
Malang City compared to locations with
slightly hot environmental temperatures
such as Mojokerto, Kediri.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of observations and data
analysis can be concluded as follows: fresh
leaves and dried leaves of sparrow
eggplant in the Mojokerto region have
DPPH levels (%) 59.56 and 62.45; phenol
(mg/g) 36.38 and 10.43 ; tannins (mg/g)
0.23 and 018 ; flavonoids (mg/g) 0.41 and
1.34 . Kediri has a DPPH value (%) of 61.56
and 63.40; phenol(mg/g) 39.23 and 31.23 ;
tannins (mg/g) 0.67 and 0.54 ; flavonoids
(mg/g) 0.74 and 1.98 , respectively. Stone
has DPPH (%) 68.72 and 70.37 ; phenol
(mg/g) 42.52 and 32.13 ; tannins (mg/g)
0.87 and 0.76 ; flavonoids (mg/g): 0.97 and
2.12.
REFERENCES
1. Chauhan, N. M., Gutama, A. D., & Aysa,
A. (2019). Endophytic fungal diversity
isolated from different agro-ecosystem
of Enset (Ensete ventericosum) in
Gedeo zone, SNNPRS, Ethiopia. BMC
Microbiology, 19(1), 1–10.
2. Estiasih, T., Kuliahsari, D. E., Martati, E.,
& Ahmadi, K. (2022). Cyanogenic
compounds removal and characteristics
of non-and pregelatinized traditional
detoxified wild yam (Dioscorea hispida)
tuber flour. Food Science and
Technology, 42.
3. Helilusiatiningsih, N. (2021). Test of
Chemical Compounds on Fruit
Eggplant (Solanum Torvum) Room
Temperature Storage LCMS and FTIR
Methods. Prosiding Seminar, 20–27.
4. Helilusiatiningsih, N., Yunianta, H., &
Wijanarko, S. B. (2020). Cytotoxic
Activity and Selectivity Index of
Solanum Torvum Fruit on T47D Breast.
EXECUTIVE EDITOR, 11(01), 1364.
5. Kahar, A. K. P., & Ulfiyah, A. R. (2016).
Kadar N, P, K tanah, pertumbuhan dan
produksi tanaman terung ungu akibat
pemberian pupuk kandang ayam dan
mulsa pada tanah entisol tondo. Jurnal
Agrotekbis, 4(1), 34–42.
6. Khanal, S., Kc, K., Fulton, J. P., Shearer, S.,
& Ozkan, E. (2020). Remote sensing in
agriculture—accomplishments,
limitations, and opportunities. Remote
Sensing, 12(22), 3783.
7. Kurniawan, H. (2019). A Study of
Diversity of the Indonesian Terong. [Sl:
sn].
8. Li, Z. (2013). Sex-age related rumination
behavior of Pere David’s deer under
2163 | Identification of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds on Leaves of Eggplant Sparrow (Solanum
Torvum) From Various Growth Locations
constraints of feeding habitat and
rainfall. Plos One, 8(6), e66261.
9. Mobolade, A. J., Bunindro, N., Sahoo, D.,
& Rajashekar, Y. (2019). Traditional
methods of food grains preservation
and storage in Nigeria and India. Annals
of Agricultural Sciences, 64(2), 196–205.
10. Nakitto, A. M. S., Byaruhanga, Y. B.,
Wagner, A. E., & Muyonga, J. H. (2021).
Morphological characteristics, bioactive
compounds content, and antioxidant
activity of different accessions of
African eggplant (Solanum anguivi
Lam.). J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual, 94, 220–
228.
11. Purnamasari, V., Estiasih, T., Sujuti, H., &
Widjanarko, S. B. (2021). Identification
of phenolic acids of Pandan anggur
(Sararanga sinuosa Hemsley) fruits and
their potential antiglycation through
molecular docking study. Journal of
Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(2),
126–134.
12. Rabeta, M. S., & Lai, S. Y. (2013). Effects
of drying, fermented and unfermented
tea of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. on the
antioxidant capacity. International Food
Research Journal, 20(4).
13. Rahman, D. R., Rimbawan, R.,
Madanijah, S., & Purwaningsih, S.
(2017). Potensi selada air (Nasturtium
officinale R. Br) sebagai antioksidan dan
agen anti proliferasi terhadap sel MCF-
7 secara in vitro. Jurnal Gizi Dan
Pangan, 12(3), 217–224.
14. Rindita, R., Rahmaesa, e k a, Devi, retna
kusuma, & Alawiyah, lidia fatmah.
(2020). Exploration, phenolic content
determination, and antioxidant activity
of dominant pteridophytes in Gunung
Malang Village, Mount Halimun Salak
National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas
Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(8).
15. Wilda, M. N. (2021). The Chemical
Compounds of Turkey Berry (Solanum
Torvum Swartz) Plants That are
Efficacious as Medicine. Int. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine
(IJPSM), 6(8), 173–181.
© 2022 by the authors. Submitted
for possible open access publication
under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY SA) license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
