JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 01, No. 11, 1913 – 1924

E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494

DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i11.203 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index

BORDER TOURISM: A SYNERGICITY MODEL OF

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM IN

OVERCOMING SOCIAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN THE

INDONESIA LAND BORDER REGION - MALAYSIA

M. Irfani Hendri

Hasanudin

Vitriyan Espa

Juanda Astarani

1,2,3,4

Bisnis Universitas Tanjungpura, Kalimantan, Indonesia

e-mail: muhammad.irfa[email protected]ntan.ac.id

, Hasanudin@untan.ac.id

vitriyanespa@accounting.untan.ac.id

, juanda.astarani@ekonomi.untan.ac.id

*Correspondence: muhammad.irfani@ekonomi.untan.ac.id

Submitted: 27 May 2022, Revised: 05 June 2022, Accepted: 15 June 2022

Abstract. Poverty and socio-economic disparities in the border areas in West Kalimantan are the

most conspicuous issues. But on the other hand, the border area has very rich natural resources

but has not been utilized/exploited optimally. This study aims to describe the potential of the

Indonesia-Malaysia land border area in Sajingan Besar District and Paloh District (PALSA) in Sambas

Regency then a synergy model of economic empowerment program for border area communities

will be developed. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach and this type of

research is a case study. For the purposes of analysis, data collection uses triangulation data

collection methods which include observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the

research results, several programs that synergize with economic empowerment programs include:

a) Entrepreneurship Program for prospective new entrepreneurs; b) Business incubator

establishment program at each university; c) village incubator program based on village superior

products; d) Business development service program (village/kelurahan); e) BUMDes program based

on village innovation and f) Leverage program: MSME big house tourism.

Keywords: synergy; economic empowerment; border area.

M. Irfani Hendri, Hasanudin, Vitriyan Espa, Juanda Astarani

| 1914

DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i11.203 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index

INTRODUCTION

West Kalimantan province is one of the

provinces in Indonesia which borders on

land with the state of Sarawak, Malaysia.

Land borders in West Kalimantan cross 116

villages in 15 sub-districts and are located

in 5 districts, namely: 1). Sambas Regency;

2) Bengkayang Regency; 3) Sanggau

Regency; 4) Sintang Regency and 5) Kapuas

Hulu Regency with a land border line length

of 966 kilometers 26/2008 concerning the

National Spatial Planning (RTRWN) 6 of the

15 sub-districts located in the border area

have also been designated as National

Strategic Activity Centers (PKSN), totaling

26 sub-districts.

PKSN based on Article 1 PP RTRWN is

an urban area that is determined to

encourage the development of state

border areas. One of the criteria is that the

urban center is a center of economic

growth that can encourage the

development of the surrounding area (Xie

et al., 2019); (Klofsten et al., 2019).

The six sub-districts are Sajingan Besar

District and Paloh District (Paloh-Aruk)

located in Sambas District, Jagoi Babang

District located in Bengkayang District,

Entikong District located in Sanggau

District, Jasa District in Sintang District and

Nanga Badau District in Kapuas District.

upstream. The distribution of the 26 PKSN

can be seen in Figure 1.

Source: RPJM for the Development of Border Areas 2010 - 2014

Figure 1 The distribution of the 26 PKSN

The level of socio-economic welfare of

border communities in West Kalimantan is

still low, so poverty and socio-economic

disparities with people in neighboring

countries, Malaysia are issues. the most

conspicuous. This condition is caused by

1915  |  Border  Tourism:  a  Synergicity  Model  of  Economic  Empowerment  Program  in 
Overcoming  Social  Economic  Inequalities  in  the  Indonesia  Land  Border  Region-
Malaysia 
 
the accumulation of various factors, such as 
the  lack  of  supporting  infrastructure,  the 
low  quality  of  human  resources  (HR)  and 
the low productivity of the community so 
that it has  an  impact on the non-optimal 
use  of  natural  resources  in  border  areas 
(Ningtias et al., 2018); (I. M. and V. E. Hendri, 
2013).  
However, on the other hand, the border 
area has very rich natural resources but has 
not  been  utilized/exploited  optimally. 
Potential  natural  resources  owned  by 
border  areas  include  the  potential  for 
agriculture  and  plantations,  mining  and 
tourism. 
An  example  is  the  Paloh-Sajingan 
border  area  (PALSA).  The  PALSA  border 
area  is  a  strategic  area.  The  position  of 
these  two  border  districts,  especially 
Temajok  in  Paloh  District  and  Aruk  in 
Sajingan Besar District,  is a  very  potential 
and  prospective  area  to  be  used  as  an 
economic  development  area  (KPE).  The 
delineation of the PALSA area to be used as 
an  economic  development  area  is  quite 
original, considering that Temajok has links 
with Telok Melano (Sarawak) and Aruk has 
links  with  Biawak  (Sarawak)  (Rai  et  al., 
2019). 
The  strategic  external  environment  of 
Telok Melano-Biawak in the perspective of 
realizing  the  Temajok-Aruk  KPE,  needs  to 
be  supported  by  increasing  the 
development  of  socio-economic 
infrastructure  and  facilities  as  well  as 
appropriate  economic  empowerment 
programs and policies (Haseeb et al., 2018); 
(Fan et al., 2019). 
According to (I. M. and S. Hendri, 2013) 
the potential development of border areas 
can  be  done  by  developing  clusters 
through  the  development  of  superior 
products  in  each  region  (village/district) 
within the border area with the concept of 
one village one product (OVOP).  
Development of the potential of border 
areas with the OVOP concept intended as 
the  development  of  1  (one)  superior 
product  in  each  village  or  sub-district 
within the border area, including areas that 
become hinterlands with a cluster (Hoang 
Thanh et al., 2018). While the cluster itself is 
a  certain  area/location  where  there  are  a 
number  of  micro,  small  and  medium 
enterprises  that  use  the  same/similar  raw 
materials to produce the same, similar and 
interrelated products. 
The  superior  products  required  in  the 
OVOP  must  meet  several  criteria  (Yang  & 
Zhang,  2021),  namely:  superior 
village/regional  products  and/or  regional 
core  competency  products,  unique 
characteristics  of  local  culture  and 
authenticity,  potential  for  domestic  and 
export  markets,  quality  and  good 
appearance (market oriented), and can be 
produced  economically.  Continuous  and 
consistent  (consistent  and  sustainable) 
(Rizvi et al., 2013).  
In  its  management,  economic 
development  with  the  OVOP  concept 
requires a complete network between the 
government,  the  business  world,  farmers, 
universities,  non-governmental 
organizations  and  other  development 
actors.  
Actually,  at  this  time  there  have  been 
many  economic  empowerment  programs 
that  have  been  carried  out  by  the 
government  (Anton  &  Nucu,  2020), 

M. Irfani Hendri, Hasanudin, Vitriyan Espa, Juanda Astarani

| 1916

educational institutions and the business

world (both BUMN/BUMD and BUMS).

Quantitatively, this is quite positive

considering that more and more parties are

paying attention to improving people's

welfare. Ideally, a good economic

empowerment program is an

empowerment program that is

institutionally oriented towards

independence, sustainability and

sustainability (Hendri, Irfani. M ; 2010).

However, a breakthrough is needed to

overcome the socio-economic gap.

Therefore, a study is needed to design a

synergistic model of economic

empowerment programs in managing

various existing natural resources

potentials so that they have an impact on

improving the welfare of the people of the

Indonesia-Malaysia land border area in

West Kalimantan.

This study aims to describe the

potential of the Indonesia-Malaysia land

border area in Sajingan Besar District and

Paloh District (PALSA) located in Sambas

Regency and then a synergistic model of

economic empowerment program for the

Indonesian- Malaysian land border area in

West Kalimantan will be developed by

adopting a concept One Village One

Product (OVOP)

PALSA was chosen as the study location

because in this area the government is

actively developing infrastructure and the

PALSA area includes 2 (two) sub-districts,

namely Paloh District and Sajingan Besar

District, where these 2 (two) sub-districts

have tourism, fisheries, agriculture and

tourism potential. plantations that can

become superior products.

METHODS

The approach used in this research is a

qualitative approach. The type of this

research is a case study. This research

involves direct contact with the object of

research, is detailed and comprehensive

(holistic). In case study research, the

researcher is the main research instrument.

For analysis purposes, data can be

collected using the triangulation data

collection method which involves

observation, interviews and

documentation (Yin, 2006). The collection

of data and information needed for

analysis purposes is carried out in the

following ways: 1) Documentation studies,

which are intended to obtain secondary

data owned by the relevant agencies; 2)

Field observation, in the form of direct

observation or observance of the area that

is the research location; 3) Interview

technique, where this technique is carried

out if the data or information as input

material is not contained in the secondary

data; 4) Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General Description of Sambas

Regency Sambas Regency is located in

the northernmost part of West Kalimantan

Province or between 2

08' North Latitude

and 0

33' North Latitude and 108

39' East

Longitude and 110

04' East Longitude. The

total area of Sambas Regency is 6,395.70

km2 or about 4.36% of the total area of

West Kalimantan Province.

The area of Sambas Regency has

specific geographical characteristics.

Externally administratively, Sambas

1917 | Border Tourism: a Synergicity Model of Economic Empowerment Program in

Overcoming Social Economic Inequalities in the Indonesia Land Border Region-

Malaysia

Regency is directly adjacent to the Natuna

Sea (West), Bengkayang Regency and

Singkawang City (South) which can open

access to inland areas as well as coastal

areas to the provincial capital, and has sea

and land borders ( east) directly with

Sarawak in East Malaysia.

The strategic position of the region

certainly provides opportunities for the

development and development of the

Sambas Regency area. In addition, the

strategic position of the region can increase

socio-economic and cultural accessibility to

the surrounding districts, to neighboring

countries and to countries within the scope

of other ASEAN regions.

In Figure 2 it can be seen the strategic

position of Sambas Regency to

neighboring countries and to countries

within ASEAN

Source: BAPPEDA Sambas, 2012

Figure 2. Position of Sambas Regency to Neighboring Countries

In Figure 2 it can be seen that the

specific characteristics of the Sambas

Regency area that are not shared by all

other regencies/cities are its very strategic

location so that it is very easy to reach from

neighboring countries such as Malaysia ,

Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Brunei

Darussalam, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos,

Vietnam and Myanmar.

Economic Potential of Paloh – Sajingan

(PALSA)

In the PALSA area, there is an external

movement in the form of mobility of Palsa

residents/border crossers to Teluk Melano

and Biawak City. Between the people of

Temajok Village, Paloh Subdistrict and the

people of Teluk Melano Village, Sematan,

Sarawak and the Aruk community of

Sebunga Village in Sajingan Besar District

and the people of Biawak Village, Sarawak,

M. Irfani Hendri, Hasanudin, Vitriyan Espa, Juanda Astarani

| 1918

Malaysia, there was quite a high level of

trading activity. This cross-border trade

activity has been going on for quite a long

time and has been carried out from

generation to generation. Generally, cross-

border trade activities are due to economic

interests, namely the sale of agricultural,

plantation and fishery products, as well as

to meet all kinds of needs needed by some

communities along the borders of the

PALSA area. The exchange rate used and

very high demand is the Malaysian Ringgit

exchange rate.

In Figure 3 it can be seen the economic

potential of PALSA.

Source: BAPPEDA Sambas, 2016

Figure 3. Economic Potential of Paloh – Sajingan

Economic Potential in Paloh

Paloh Subdistrict is located in the

northern part of Sambas Regency or

between 1

35' North Latitude and 2

05'

North Latitude and 109

38' West Longitude

and 109

38' East Longitude.

Administratively, the boundaries of the

Paloh sub-district are: North: South China

Sea, South: Teluk Keramat District, West:

South China Sea, East: Sarawak (Malaysia).

The largest village is Sebubus Village with

an area of 326.21 km

or 28.41 percent

while the smallest is Matang Danau Village

with an area of 44.01 km

or 3.83 percent

of the total area of Paloh District.

Paloh District as one of the sub-districts

in Sambas Regency apart from Sajingan

Besar District which is directly adjacent to

the State of Malaysia has a strategic role for

the development of Sambas Regency as a

whole.

Based on the projected figures, the

population of Paloh District in 2015 was

around 25,148 people with a population

density of around 22 people per square

1919 | Border Tourism: a Synergicity Model of Economic Empowerment Program in

Overcoming Social Economic Inequalities in the Indonesia Land Border Region-

Malaysia

kilometer or 1,048 people per hamlet.

Therefore, the urgent problem is the lack

of human resources to manage

development in areas with enormous

potential.

In addition, Paloh District has many

potential tourist attractions that can be

developed. Tourist objects in Paloh District

include Kalimantan Beach, Harapan Beach

and Lestari Beach in Tanah Hitam, Selimpai

Island Beach and Batu Bejamban

Recreational Park in Sebubus and the most

are in Temajuk which include: Tanjung Flag

Beach, Bayuan Beach, Camar Bulan Beach ,

Asam Jawa Pier, Telok Atong Bahari Beach,

Tanjung Dato' Tropical RainForest, Teluk

Nibung Waterfall and Mount Pangi

Waterfall.

Economic Potential in Sajingan Besar

Sajingan Besar District is located in the

northern part of Sambas Regency or

between 1°25' North Latitude and 1°49'

North Latitude and 109°25' West Longitude

and 109°45' East Longitude.

Administratively, the boundaries of the

Sajingan Besar District are: North: Sarawak

(Malaysia), South: Galing District, West:

Paloh District, East: Sarawak (Malaysia).

The area of Sajingan Besar District is

1,391.20 km2 or about 21.75 percent of the

total area of Sambas Regency, which is the

largest in Sambas Regency. Sajingan Besar

District in 2014 was divided into 5 villages.

The largest village is Sei Bening Village with

an area of 557.30 km2 or 40.06 percent

while the smallest is Senatab Village with an

area of 110.04 km2 or 7.91 percent of the

area of Sajingan Besar District.

Sajingan Besar District as one of the

sub-districts in Sambas Regency apart from

Paloh District which is directly adjacent to

Malaysia has a strategic role for the

development of the entire Sambas

Regency.

Projected figures show that the

population of Sajingan Besar District in

2015 was around 11,114 people with a

population density of about 8 people per

square kilometer. Therefore, an urgent

problem for the regions is the lack of

human resources to manage development

in a region with enormous potential with

the largest area in Sambas Regency.

The food crops sub-sector is one of the

sub-sectors in the agricultural sector. This

sub-sector includes rice crops (lowland rice

and upland rice), corn, cassava, sweet

potatoes, peanuts, soybeans and green

beans. In general, the increase in food crop

production in Sajingan Besar District is still

strongly influenced by the increase in

harvested area. In addition, productivity

also greatly affects production. Such

conditions are mainly due to the influence

of natural factors and the ability of farmers

to manage their agricultural businesses.

With a very strategic position because

Sajingan Besar District is one of the districts

directly adjacent to Malaysia. Just as the

industrial sector and other sectors in

Sajingan Besar District can be more

advanced, however, the infrastructure

which has not been completed yet with

difficult and remote areas makes the

industrial sector of Sajingan Besar District

still lagging behind its neighboring sub-

districts.

M. Irfani Hendri, Hasanudin, Vitriyan Espa, Juanda Astarani

| 1920

Synergy Model of Economic

Empowerment Program

From the various existing economic

empowerment programs, the researcher

then proposes a synergistic model of

economic empowerment program in

overcoming socio-economic disparities in

border areas, which can be seen in Figure 4.

8.4.1 .

Figure 4. Synergistic Model of Economic Empowerment Program

Entrepreneurship Program for Prospective New Entrepreneurs

Several studies on population state that

Sambas Regency will get a demographic

bonus between 2020-2035 where the

dependency ratio of the productive

population is greater than that of the non-

productive population.

DEMOGRAPHY

BONUS :

New

Entrepreneur

Growth Program

COMMUNITY

GENERATION

YOUNG

PT/VILLAGE BUSINESS INCUBATOR

WISATA PERBATASAN

UMKM :

UMKM Management

Competency

Improvement

Business

Competency

Improvement

VILLAGE

ENTREPRENEURS

(INDEPENDENT)

UMKM PROMOTED

TO NEXT GRADE

VILLAGE INNOVATION/HILIRISATION IN VILLAGE

BUMDes

1921 | Border Tourism: a Synergicity Model of Economic Empowerment Program in

Overcoming Social Economic Inequalities in the Indonesia Land Border Region-

Malaysia

The demographic bonus conditions

must be prepared as early as possible so

that Sambas Regency can take full

advantage of the demographic bonus

conditions. To be able to take advantage of

the demographic bonus, an

Entrepreneurship Program for Prospective

New Entrepreneurs is needed.

The Entrepreneurship Program for

Prospective New Entrepreneurs is aimed at:

1) Students from universities in Sambas

Regency; 2) Youth who do not go to

school/college; 3) Children of MSME

entrepreneurs in Sambas Regency.

Business Incubator Establishment

Programs in Every Universities and in

Superior-Based Villages.

Business Incubators in Universities were

established in order to help students and

new alumni at the university who are

interested in becoming entrepreneurs in

the form of: (1) physical facilities or office

facilities that can be used together, (2)

opportunities for access and formation of

networks and information and funding, (3)

consulting services covering aspects of

technology, management and marketing,

(4) establishment of a network between

entrepreneurs startups and (5) research

product development to be produced

commercially.

In addition, this OVOP-based

community empowerment requires an

institution. The discussion on community

institutions is closely related to the

empowerment process at the community

level. Empowerment is not just a

methodological approach in the context of

the independence of the target community,

but must also be realized in a more

concrete form as a form of achieving a

program. This institution was later referred

to as a “Village Incubator Based On

Unggulan Village”. The existence of a

Business Incubator in this village can

create ”Village Innovation”, so that the

commodities sold by the community are

expected to gradually be produced in the

form of added value (downstream in the

village).

Business Development Service Program

(Village/Sub-district)

Based economic development cluster is

the Business Development Institute (LPB) in

each cluster. LPB Is an institution that

provides business development services to

improve cluster business performance,

market access, competitive ability and also

provides financing (capital).

This LPB can be managed (owned) in its

entirety by the provincial/district

government or also managed jointly with

the private sector. The functions of LPB for

clusters are: 1) Information services for

clusters; 2) Consulting, training and

guidance services for clusters; 3) Business

contact services (as a marketer for the

cluster); 4) Services in expanding the

market; 5) Services in technology

development; 6) Financing services.

While the advantages of the existence

of this LPB are: 1) As a cluster in marketing

activities, where the role of this LPB is as a

collector of products produced by the

cluster. With the existence of this LPB, it is

hoped that the bargaining power of the

community in the village (cluster) can be

stronger;partner cluster in improving the

M. Irfani Hendri, Hasanudin, Vitriyan Espa, Juanda Astarani

| 1922

quality of products produced through

training and guidance and mentoring

activities; 3) Provide opportunities for

young workers to engage in professional

activities in the development of micro,

small and medium enterprises.

BUMDes Program Based on Leading

Village Products

The establishment of BUMDes is based

on Law no. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional

Government and Government Regulation

No. 72 of 2005 concerning Villages. UU no.

32 of 2004 concerning Regional

Government; Article 213 paragraph (1)

"Villages can establish village-owned

enterprises according to the needs and

potential of the village." Furthermore, PP

No. 72 of 2005 concerning Villages: Article

78 states that: 1) In increasing the income

of the community and village, the Village

Government may establish a Village-

Owned Enterprise in accordance with the

needs and potential of the Village; 2) The

establishment of a Village-Owned

Enterprise as referred to in paragraph (1)

shall be stipulated by a Village Regulation

guided by the statutory regulations; 3) The

form of Village-Owned Enterprises as

referred to in paragraph (1) must be a legal

entity.

Border Tourism: MSME Big House

Tourism

The PALSA area, especially in Paloh

District, has a lot of tourism potential.

Although it has tourism potential, this

potential has not been managed optimally.

Infrastructure and transportation

constraints are the main obstacles in

developing the tourism potential.

Therefore, a creative effort is needed,

one of which is to bring up various stories

of the uniqueness and beauty of tourist

sites in the border area by utilizing social

media networks. To do this, it is necessary

to involve the younger generation who are

relatively very familiar with the use of social

media networks. In addition, it is also

necessary to support the involvement of

environmentally concerned communities in

order to preserve the environment which is

the object of ecotourism.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the result of the study, it can

be concluded: 1) Poverty and socio-

economic disparities in border areas in

West Kalimantan with communities in

neighboring Malaysia are the most

conspicuous issues. This condition is

caused by the accumulation of various

factors, such as the lack of supporting

infrastructure, the low quality of human

resources (HR) and the low productivity of

the community so that the impact on the

utilization of natural resources in the

border area is not optimal. 2) However, on

the other hand, the border area has very

rich natural resources but has not been

utilized/exploited optimally. Potential

natural resources owned by border areas

include the potential for agriculture and

plantations, mining and tourism. 3) The

border area of Paloh District and Sajingan

Besar District (PALSA) which is located in

Sambas Regency is a strategic area. The

position of these two border districts,

especially Temajok in Paloh District and

Aruk in Sajingan Besar District, is a very

1923 | Border Tourism: a Synergicity Model of Economic Empowerment Program in

Overcoming Social Economic Inequalities in the Indonesia Land Border Region-

Malaysia

potential and prospective area to be used

as an economic development area (KPE).

The delineation of the PALSA area to be

used as an economic development area is

quite original, considering that Temajok has

links with Telok Melano (Sarawak) and Aruk

has links with Biawak (Sarawak). 4) The

strategic external environment of Telok

Melano-Biawak in the perspective of

realizing the Temajok-Aruk KPE, needs to

be supported by increasing the

development of socio-economic

infrastructure and facilities as well as

appropriate economic empowerment

programs and policies. 5) Actually, at this

time there have been many economic

empowerment programs that have been

carried out by the government, educational

institutions and the business world (both

BUMN/BUMD and BUMS). However, a

synergy of economic empowerment

programs is needed in managing the

various potentials of existing natural

resources so that it has an impact on

improving the welfare of the people of the

Indonesia-Malaysia land border area in

West Kalimantan. 6) Some of the proposed

programs that are synergistic with the

economic empowerment program include:

a) Entrepreneurship program for

prospective new entrepreneurs; b) Business

incubator establishment program in each

university; c) Village incubator program

based on village superior products; d)

Business development service program

(village/sub-district); e) BUMdesa

program based on village innovation and f)

Leverage program: MSME big house

tourism.

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M. Irfani Hendri, Hasanudin, Vitriyan Espa, Juanda Astarani                                                
 
| 1924
 
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