JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 01, No. 8, 1141 – 1150
E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i8.133 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
DIFFERENCES OF THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC SPORTS ON
COGNITIVE FUNCTION BETWEEN SMOKING AND NON-
SMOKING STUDENTS AT DAYA UTAMA SMA, BEKASI
2017
Devi Fitriyastanti*
Hospital Administration Study Program, Bhakti Kartini Polytechnic
e-mail: devifitriyastanti@gmail.com
*Correspondence: devifitriyastanti@gmail.com
Submitted: 26 February 2022, Revised: 04 March 2022, Accepted: 15 March 2022
Abstract. In Indonesia, there are 20% of adolescents aged 13-15 years who smoke. The results of
a survey conducted by Global Youth Tobacco in 2009 revealed that three out of ten children aged
13-15 years in Indonesia (30.4%) already smoked, and (19.4%) started smoking at the age of 10
years. Based on data from the 2017 Daya Utama High School counseling vulnerability map, it is
known that of the 216 male students in Class X – XII, 35 of them have smoking cases in the school
environment, and have academic achievements that are less than the KKM, for this reason, it is
necessary to think about efforts to improve the cognitive function of students so that academic
achievement can be improved. One of these efforts is exercising. The purpose of this study is to
provide preventive and coaching efforts to adolescents to avoid smoking and increase
physical/sports activity. The technique of assessing students' cognitive abilities uses the Backward
Forward Digit Span method, which is to assess short-term memory for 3 days with methods test
and posttest. Research results Based on the results of the T test on smokers and non-smokers for
3 measurements, pre-test and post-test, the statistical test results obtained a Pvalue = 0.000,
meaning that at 5% alpha it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between pre-
and post-test cognitions. on smoking students and non-smoking students in the first, second and
third day measurements. From the results of this study, it is recommended that the smoking ban
continue to be enforced and pursued because the impact of smoking is not only physically
damaging to the body but also reduces cognitive abilities, which will also affect learning
achievement.
Keywords: backward forward digit span; short-term memory.
Devi Fitriyastanti | 1142
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i8.133 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, 20% of adolescents aged
13-15 years are active smokers WHO
(2009). The results of a survey conducted by
Global Youth Tobacco in 2009 revealed that
three out of ten children aged 13-15 years
in Indonesia (30.4%) already smoked, and
(19.4%) started smoking at the age of 10
years, WHO (Sime, 2019), Smoking in
schools is a phenomenon that is often
encountered, one of which is in New
Zealand, although the ban on smoking in
schools has been carried out, students still
find smoking in the school environment
(Lovato et al., 2010); (Thomas, McLellan, &
Perera, 2013). While in Bekasi City in 2015
data was obtained that 30% of the 194,907
high school students equivalent were active
smokers, KPAD (Gomez et al., 2015); (Müller
et al., 2016). Above problems, it is necessary
to think about efforts to improve the
cognitive function of students so that
academic achievement can be improved.
One of these efforts is exercising.
METHODS
Quasi-experimental design quasi-
experimental is a study that tests an
intervention on a group of subjects with or
without a comparison group but is not
randomized to include subjects in the
treatment or control group. Saryono
(2013). The research design used is the
Non-equivalent control group design,
which is almost the same as the pretest-
posttest control group design, only in this
design the experimental group and control
group are not chosen randomly. The study
used quantitative data with pre and post
tests. In the design of this study,
researchers intervened in groups of
smokers and non-smokers. The
effectiveness of the treatment was assessed
by comparing the pre-test and post-test
(Cope, 2015).
The design scheme of pre and post test
without control group is as follows:
1. Smoker
2. Group Non Smoker Group
Description :
X : 12 minute running aerobic intervention
A1 : Cognition scores in smokers and non-
smokers before getting a running aerobics
intervention.
A2 : Cognition scores in smokers and non-
smokers after getting a running aerobics
intervention.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. ANALYSIS TEST
Descriptive analysis is a method of
analysis by describing or describing the
data that has been collected as it is
without making conclusions that apply
to the public or generalizations. In this
study, trials were conducted on 70
respondents with the criteria of 35
smokers and 35 non-smokers with age
characteristics between 13-18 years
and the same treatment was carried
out, namely low-impact aerobics such
as running with the following results:
1143 | Differences of The Effect of Aerobic Sports on Cognitive Function Between Smoking
and Non-Smoking Students at Daya Utama SMA, Bekasi 2017
Table 1. Age Characteristics of Respondents
Variable
N
Mean
Median
SD
Min
Max
Respondent
Age
70
16.37
16.50
0.705
15
17
Variable
N
Mean
Median
SD
Min
Max
Respondent
Age
70
16.37
16.50
0.705
15
17
Table 2. Differences in Aerobic Mileage Running for 12 minutes
on Smokers and Non-Smokers
No
Variable
Distance Running
Days 1
Day 2
Days 3
N
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
1.
Smoker
35
100
400 meters
5
14.3
1
2.9
3
8.6
600 meters
29
82.9
32
91.4
28
80.0
2000 meters
1
2.9
2
5.7
4
11.4
2.
Non-Smoker
35
100
2000 meters
20
57.1
14
40
16
45.7
2400 meters
8
22.9
14
40
2
5.7
3000 meters
7
20.0
7
20
17
48.6
B. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
The smoking behavior of
respondents was analyzed using a
questionnaire from the Glover Nilsson
Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-
SBQ).
Table 3. Distribution of behavioral descriptions of smoking students at SMA Daya Utama
Bekasi
Category
Sm
ok
er
%
Non-
%
< 12 Mild
(mild)
3
8,5
8
35
1
0
0
12-22 Moderate
(Medium)
5
14.
3
-
-
23-33 Strong
(High)
24
68,
6
-
-
Devi Fitriyastanti | 1144
>33 Very Strong
(Very High)
3
8,5
8
-
-
TOTAL
35
10
0%
35
Table 4. Results of Measuring Cognitive Ability Pre & Post Aerobic Running on Smoking
Students at SMA Daya Utama
Category of
assessment of
cognitive
function
(weighted
score table)
Day
I
Day
II
Day
III
Pre
Po
st
Pre
po
st
Pre
Po
st
0 – 5
(Low)
19
9
9
7
3
2
6 – 11(Medium)
16
26
26
25
30
17
12 – 17(High)
-
-
-
3
2
16
TOTAL
35
35
35
35
35
35
Table 5. Cognitive Measurement Results Pre & post Aerobic running in Non-Smoker
students at SMA Daya Utama
Category
Day I
Day II
Day III
Pre
Post
Pre
Post
Pre
Post
0 – 5 (Low)
6
-
3
-
-
-
6 – 11
(Medium )
29
31
29
26
24
7
12 – 17
(Height)
-
4
3
9
11
28
TOTAL
35
35
35
35
35
35
C. BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Table 6. Results of Different Test Scores for Pre Test and Post Test Aerobic Running on the
Effect of Cognitive Function on Students Smoking
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
1145 | Differences of The Effect of Aerobic Sports on Cognitive Function Between Smoking
and Non-Smoking Students at Daya Utama SMA, Bekasi 2017
95%
Confide
nce
Interval
of the
Differen
ce
t
d
f
Sig.
(2-
tail
ed)
Me
an
Std.
Devi
atio
n
St
d.
Er
ro
r
M
ea
n
Lo
we
r
Up
pe
r
Smoker
Cogniti
on First
Day Pre
Test -
Post
Test
-
1.3
71
731
.1
2
4
-
1.6
23
-
1.1
20
-
11.0
98
3
4
000
Smoker
Cogniti
on
Second
Day
Pre Test
- Post
Test
-
1,3
14
1,23
1
.2
0
8
-
1,7
37
-
89
1
-
6.31
5
3
4
.00
0
Third
day
Smoker'
s
Cogniti
on
Pre Test
-Post
Test
-
3.0
01
1.66
8
-
8.
6
1
5
34
.28
2 -
3.0
01
-.1.
85
6
000
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
:
Devi Fitriyastanti | 1146
n
Table 7. Results of the Difference between Pre Test and Post Test Aerobic Running Scores on
the Effect of Cognitive Function on Non-Smoker Students
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
T
d
f
Sig.
(2-
tail
ed)
95%
Confidenc
e Interval
of the
Difference
Mea
n
Std
.
De
via
tio
n
Std
.
Err
or
Me
an
Low
er
Up
per
Non
Smoker
Cognition
First Day
Pre Test -
Post Test
-
2.4
29
1.5
77
-
9.1
10
34
.26
7 -
2.9
70
-.1.
887
000
Co
gn
iti
on
of
Non
Smoker
Second Day
Pre Test -
Post Test
-
1.8
00
1.9
07
.32
2
-
2.4
55
-
1.1
45
-
5.5
85
3
4
000
Cognition
Non-
Smoker
Third day
Pre Test -
Post Test
-
2.6
29
1.4
57
.24
6
-
3.1
29
-
2.1
28
-
10.
674
3
4
.000
D. Age description of SMA Daya Utama
respondents, both smokers and non-
smokers.
Based on the research results, the
average respondent was 16.37 years old
with a median value of 16.50 years, the
standard deviation of the respondent's
age was 0.705 and the maximum age
was 17 years. This condition implies that
smokers and non-smokers at SMA Daya
Utama, Bekasi are teenagers who are still
in their productive period (Cope, 2015);
1147 | Differences of The Effect of Aerobic Sports on Cognitive Function Between Smoking
and Non-Smoking Students at Daya Utama SMA, Bekasi 2017
(Moraschini, 2016); (Cavalca et al., 2013).
This condition implies that smokers and
non-smokers at SMA Daya Utama,
Bekasi are teenagers who have good
physical work ability (fitness). Where
that age is a productive age with
activities that produce something
positive or good and teenagers in this
condition have good physical fitness to
carry out daily activities, especially in the
teaching and learning process at school.
Activities and sports can affect the
cognitive function of respondents.
E. Description of Running Aerobic
Mileage Ability in Daya Utama High
School Students, both smokers and
non-smokers .
The results of measuring the aerobic
running mileage for 12 minutes which
lasted for three days, smoking students
had shorter running distances compared
to non-smokers (Sutfin et al., 2011),
smokers students only able to complete
the average distance of 600 meters as
many as 31 students and only 4 students
who were able to complete the distance
of 2000 meters on day 3, while the non-
smoking students on average were able
to run a distance of 2000 meters as
many as 16 students, and 17 students
able to run a distance of 3000 meters on
day 3, these results indicate that non-
smoking students have a better physical
fitness condition than non-smokers
(Sabanayagam & Shankar, 2011), so
non-smoking students are able to
complete a longer running distance in
12 minutes. in the learning process and
the acquisition of final grades.
F. Overview of smoking behavior on
SMA Daya Utama students, both
smokers and non-smokers
From the results of the above study,
it can be concluded that the factors of
friends and smoking environment can
affect the desire to smoke, smoking
activity is what is needed for most
students, namely 68.57% because can
increase their self-confidence, this must
be watched out for by the school
because the effect will be able to affect
other friends, even 3 students or 8.57%
expressed their desire to immediately
smoke when they come home from
school, and even though at school there
are rules not to smoke. allowed to bring,
store or even smoke, but
They are looking for opportunities to
smoke outside the school building, this
is very worrying because students who
are addicted to smoking have a score
that is less than the minimum
completeness criteria determined by the
school.
G. The effect of aerobic exercise on
cognitive function between smokers
and non-smokers at SMA Daya Utama
Bekasi.
The results showed that there was a
difference in the mean value between
the pre and post cognitive ability
measurements, there was an effect of
running aerobics on cognitive function
in smoking students with three
measurements (Moore, Dickson-Deane,
& Galyen, 2011). Statistical test results
obtained a P value 0.000. Meanwhile, for
non-smoking students with three first,
second, and third measurements in the
pre-test and post-test (Lorensia, Muntu,
Suryadinata, & Septiani, 2021); (Habibi
et al., 2018), the statistical test results
Devi Fitriyastanti | 1148
obtained a Pvalue 0.000, it can be
concluded that physical exercise, one of
which is running, can affect students'
cognitive abilities. used as a basic
reference in the program of organizing
exercise or sports at school (Gopalan,
Bakar, Zulkifli, Alwi, & Mat, 2017),
because with physical sports, one of
which is running can help improve
cognitive function abilities, and of
course it can also stimulate
concentration in learning so that it can
improve student achievement.
Table 8. Post aerobics Running on students
Differen
ces
results
who
aerobics
of
cog
nitio
n
Tabl
e
smokers
Pre
5.09
7.03
9.26
Post test
6.46
8.34
11.6
9
Non
smoker
Pre test
7.09
9.60
11.3
1
Post test
9.51
11.4
0
13.9
4
Based on Table 8, it shows the
average result or mean value of the
results of the first day of pre-test
cognition in smokers 5.09, and 7.09 in
Non-smokers, the second day of the
pretest on smokers showed the mean
value of 7.03 and non-smokers 8.34,
while the results of the third day of
cognition assessment for smokers were
9.26 and non-smokers 11.31, it can be
concluded that the average value of
cognition assessment in smokers gets a
value lower scores and non-smokers
have higher scores. So from the results
of this study, it can be a reference for
schools to be stricter in enforcing
smoking bans and even cracking down
on every smoking student because this
can affect their cognitive abilities, so it is
feared that it will also affect their
learning concentration and reduce their
academic achievement.
The results of the post test
assessment of cognition on the first day
for smokers have an average of 6.46 and
9.51 for non-smokers, on the second
day the average cognition value for
smokers is 8.34 and for non-smokers
11.40, on the third day the average value
for smokers' cognition obtained a value
of 11.69 and for non-smokers 13.94,
from these results it can be concluded
that in smokers the post-test cognition
assessment results are lower than non-
smokers, by doing sports one of which is
running during the learning process, it is
expected to be able to improve
students' cognitive abilities so as to
1149 | Differences of The Effect of Aerobic Sports on Cognitive Function Between Smoking
and Non-Smoking Students at Daya Utama SMA, Bekasi 2017
stimulate also concentrate on studying.
From the results of this cognitive
assessment, it is clear that smoking can
affect a person's cognitive abilities, one
of which is in the form of short-range
memory abilities, so this should be a
concern because adolescents are assets
that should have a soul with a higher
level of fitness and higher cognitive
abilities. so that it is expected to produce
high achievements in various fields.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the study, the
conclusions that can be drawn in this study
are as follows:
1) The results showed the characteristics of
the respondents were on average 16 years
old and had aerobic ability to run an
average of 1457 meters for 12 minutes,
students who smoked were only able to do
aerobics running with the distance of 600
meters was 31 people (88.6%), this is lower
than the distance that was able to be done
by non-smoking students who were able to
do aerobics running with a distance of 2000
meters as many as 20 people (57.1%). 2)
There is an effect of cognitive function on
pretest and post-test aerobic running for
12 minutes on smoking and non-smoking
students at SMA Daya Utama. 3) There is a
difference in the Mean value in the
assessment of cognitive abilities between
smoking and non-smoking students in
both the Pre-test and Post-test. 4) Smoking
students have a mean or average value of
cognitive ability that is lower than the
ability of cognitive scores in non-smokers,
so it can be concluded that smoking can
affect cognitive scores resulting in
decreased concentration which affects
academic achievement.
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Commons Attribution (CC BY SA) license
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