JRSSEM 2022, Vol. 01, No. 8, 969 – 980
E-ISSN: 2807 - 6311, P-ISSN: 2807 - 6494
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i8.119 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
GRATITUDECAN INCREASE RESILIENCE IN ADOL
ESCENTS WHO LIVE IN ORPHANAGES
Bernadetha Putri Puspita1
Yulia Ayriza2
1,2Master Program of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Yogyakarta State University
e-mail: bernade[email protected].ac.id1, yulia_ayriza@uny.ac.id2
*Correspondence: bernadethaputri.2020@student.uny.ac.id
Submitted: 28 February 2022, Revised: 04 March 2022, Accepted: 15 March 2022
Abstract. Resilience is the ability to endure and face and resolve problems or pressures. This is
what adolescents who live in orphanages must have. Adolescents who live in orphanages are
included in the children at risk group, where these adolescents tend to have a greater chance of
experiencing shocks in terms of emotions, intellectuals, social and behavior. In increasing resilience,
one of them is by having gratitude. This literature review aims to show that the important role of
gratitude can increase resilience in adolescents who live in orphanages. There are several situations
that can make the orphanage youth depressed, for example the lack of attachment between the
foster child and the caregiver, the regulations in the orphanage that are not in accordance with
the condition of the adolescents, limited facilities and other situations. This is what makes
adolescents in orphanages need to have good resilience in order to have the ability to survive and
face and solve problems or pressures. This paper is expected to help increase the role of gratitude
so that adolescents who live in orphanages have good resilience.
Keywords: gratitude; resilience; adolescents who live in orphanages.
Bernadetha Putri Puspita, YuliaAyriza | 970
DOI : 10.36418/jrssem.v1i8.119 https://jrssem.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jrssem/index
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a period of transition
from children to adults. This period begins
around the age of 12 years and ends at the
age of 18 to 21 years. (Adolescence is a
time of rebirth and storms and stress, while
turbulent times are also marked by conflict
and mood swings (Shane & Heckhausen,
2019). This makes teenagers tend to find it
difficult to manage stress or problems,
which causes anxiety, social problems or
mental problems that are more serious or
more extreme (Mukolo, Heflinger, &
Wallston, 2010). Based on information from
Basic Health Research data that the
prevalence of emotional mental disorders
with symptoms of depression and anxiety
in adolescents aged more than 15 years is
9.8%, where this number has increased
compared to 2013 which was 6.1% (Bethell,
Gombojav, Solloway, & Wissow, 2016).
Adolescents need the support of
parents or families who love them, provide
perfection, consistency, and genuine and
empathetic correspondence (Berger,
Hasking, & Martin, 2013); (Jones, 2015).
This is also supported by other research
which states that when the teenager has a
stable and supportive family, the teenager
has a better reaction to stress (Sumter,
Bokhorst, Miers, Van Pelt, & Westenberg,
2010); (Corr et al., 2021).
In fact, not all teenagers can live and
stay with their parents or family, for
example, teenagers who live in orphanages.
Adolescents who live in orphanages are
generally included in the children at risk
group (Bender, Yang, Ferguson, &
Thompson, 2015), where these adolescents
tend to have a greater chance of
experiencing shocks in terms of emotions,
intellectuals, social and behavior (Hari,
Henriksson, Malinen, & Parkkonen, 2015).
This is because in addition to the lack of
attachment between caregivers and foster
children, what is visible is that they must be
able to survive in an orphanage
environment with all applicable guidelines
or regulations, limited activities and
facilities.
The RI Ministry of Social Affairs and
UNICEF research explains that orphanages
in Indonesia are less centered on care, but
only focus on providing services and access
to education for their foster children (Font
Berger, Cancian, & Noyes, 2018). This
condition is considered a stressful event
and causes stress in adolescents
(Mannarino & Cohen, 2011).
Teenagers living in orphanages need
the ability to survive, and to be strong in
the face of obstacles and problems. This
ability is known as resilience. Adolescents
who have high resilience have criteria,
namely having the ability to face problems
and adapt to unpleasant conditions, have
the ability to adapt to themselves in dealing
with stressful life experiences and have the
ability to deal with conditions that have
caused mental stress (Updegraff & Taylor,
2021). In addition, other studies have
shown that adolescents living in difficult
conditions can successfully determine their
path to sustainable health and improve
well-being within themselves, both in
orphanages and in their
communities(Yendork & Somhlaba, 2014).
(Waaktaar & Torgersen, 2010)explained
that there are five aspects of resilience,
namely: a). personal competence, high
standards, and persistence; b). self-
Bernadetha Putri Puspita, YuliaAyriza | 971
confidence, openness to negative affect
and strong in the face of pressure; c).
positive acceptance of change and good
relationships with others; d). self-control
and e). spiritual influence. This shows that
many aspects can play a role in the
resilience level of adolescents living in
orphanages.
Spiritual aspects related to gratitude
have an important role in orphanage youth.
This can be shown from several research
results which state that resilience in
adolescents can be influenced by the
gratitude they have (Listiyandini, 2016). In
addition, other studies have shown that
gratitude has a contribution to the
formation of academic resilience in (Utami,
Shalihah, Adhiningtyas, Rahmah, &
Ningrum, 2020).
Based on the explanation above and
previous studies, it appears that gratitude
has an important role in increasing
resilience in adolescents. Gratitude is
described by Lambert, Graham and
(Nwozichi, 2019)as a factor that can
overcome the effects of stress, especially
helping to re-appreciate a situation full of
problems to feel lighter (Banicki, 2014).
State that gratitude can make
individuals think more positively and have
a broad perspective on life which is a gift.
In other words, when individuals have high
gratitude, they will realize their potential
and foster a sense of optimism that can
trigger individuals to survive and try to
develop even in difficult situations or what
is commonly referred to as resilience.
In this study, the orphanage can be
used as a place of significant life transition
for adolescents who live and grow up in
orphanages with the demands of the ability
to overcome pressure or obstacles as well
as the ability to adapt. Teenagers who live
in orphanages often do not experience
pleasant experiences but difficulties and
fears of having to face challenges and
pressures that arise.
Teenagers in orphanages need to have
good resilience so that they can survive in
difficult conditions, be able to adjust and
bounce from adversity. The orphanage is
also expected to pay attention to
psychological factors, not only physical
factors in adolescents who live in
orphanages. That way, one of them can
increase the role of gratitude to increase
resilience in adolescents who live in the
orphanage.
Through a literature review published in
international journals in the field of Positive
Psychology on the Scopus database in the
last 10 years, this scientific work aims to
conclude whether and how gratitude can
increase resilience in adolescents living in
orphanages.
METHODS
The method used in this research is
literature review, which contains relevant
theories or related to research problems.
The problem in this study is to conclude
whether and how gratitude can increase
resilience in adolescents who live in
orphanages. In this section, an assessment
of the concepts and theories used is carried
out based on the available literature,
especially from articles published in various
scientific journals related to gratitude,
resilience and adolescents living in
orphanages. Literature review serves to
build concepts or theories that form the
972 | Gratitude Can Increase Resilience in Adolescents Who Live in Orphanages
basis of study in research. Literature review
or literature study is an activity that is
required in research, especially academic
research whose main goal is to develop
theoretical aspects as well as aspects of
practical benefits. So that by using this
research method the author can easily
solve the problem to be studied.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Youth Resilience
Resilience is an individual's ability to act
in a healthy and productive manner when
faced with obstacles or pressure. According
(Everly Jr, Strouse, & McCormack,
2015)resilience is a tenacious and tough
attitude that individuals have when faced
with difficult conditions. Meanwhile,
according to (Van Kessel, 2013) resilience is
a personal quality that enables a person to
struggle with adversity.
Based on some of the definitions above,
it can be concluded that resilience is the
ability of individual adolescents to face and
overcome obstacles and problems in life so
that the individual becomes stronger.
According to (Ţuţu & Constantin, 2012)
in their research there are five aspects of
resilience, namely: (a). Personal
competence, high standards, and
persistence; (b). Self-confidence, openness
to negative affect and strong in the face of
pressure: (c). Positive acceptance of change
and good relationships with others; (d).
Self-control and (e). Spiritual influence.
Characteristics of Resilience Individuals
According to (Banicki, 2014)it is divided
into seven characteristics, which are further
explained as follows, namely having good
thinking skills in terms of individuals who
are creative and productive, have humor
and morality, and have initiative, and build
relationships. good social relations with the
environment.
Gratitude
Gratitude is a feeling of gratefullness
and happiness as a reaction to a gift,
whether the gift is a real benefit from a
particular individual or during a peaceful
situation derived from natural beauty state
that gratitude is a moral affect because it
comes from encouraging behavior that is
driven by concern for the welfare of others.
Moral affect here is something emotional
and not something direct because the
recipient can see the gift as something that
can increase his welfare even though it is
not necessarily something that benefits
others.
Based on the definition before, the
notion of gratitude is a feeling of
appreciation, joy, and appreciation for the
things that are obtained during life,
regardless of whether it comes from God,
humans, other creatures, and the universe,
which then encourages someone to do the
same thing as previously stated. the
individual gets.
Characteristics of Adolescents in
Orphanages
Based on the Decree of the Minister of
Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia
No.HUK 3-3-8/239 of 1974 about
orphanages, which states that orphanages
are social foundations that have a role and
function as a place to provide welfare
guarantees for orphans, orphans. , orphans
and orphans, fractured and underprivileged
families including financing, coaching in
Bernadetha Putri Puspita, YuliaAyriza | 973
the education of their foster children. Thus
the orphanage has full responsibility for
meeting the needs of the children living in
the orphanage.
Adolescents who live in orphanages
have characteristics, namely boys and girls
who have an age range of 12 to 21 years.
Teenagers who live in orphanages have
different backgrounds, there are those who
have lived in orphanages since birth but
there are also those who live in orphanages
for certain reasons, for example parents
who have economic limitations so they feel
unable to pay for their children, no longer
have parents but other families are not
willing to support and finance and several
other reasons.
The Gratitude Role of Resilience
Adolescents who live in Orphanages
Gratitude is a feeling of appreciation,
joy, and appreciation for the things that are
obtained during the life of a teenager. In
this case, these feelings can improve the
welfare of adolescents through the attitude
of adolescents who take action to others as
previously accepted by the individual. This
action or attitude may not necessarily be
something that is beneficial to others but is
related to moral affect, which is something
emotional and not something direct.
Individuals who have gratitude will
accept all things in their life, including the
problems or obstacles they are facing. This
will be the capital for individuals to make
peace with the situation. Adolescents will
accept and solve problems and obstacles
that are being faced. This allows
adolescents to survive with stressful
conditions without stress but to take action
or ways to solve and get out of existing
problems.
Teenagers living in orphanages need
the ability to survive, and to be strong in
the face of obstacles and obstacles as
described earlier. This ability is known as
resilience or resilience. Adolescents who
have high resilience have criteria, namely
having the ability to face problems and
adapt to unpleasant conditions, have the
ability to adapt to themselves in dealing
with stressful life experiences and have the
ability to deal with conditions that have
caused mental stress.
Some examples that can be taken are
the conditions that make the orphanage
teenagers depressed, namely the lack of
attachment between foster children and
caregivers because of the disparity
between the number of caregivers and
foster children. In addition, the conditions
of the orphanage are limited, such as
playing and learning facilities, as well as
regulations in the orphanage which are
considered less suitable for the conditions
of the youth living in the orphanage. This
shows that the orphanage only focuses on
physical factors such as food, housing and
access to education, not with psychological
factors such as parenting patterns, building
attachment by establishing better
interpersonal communication.
Some studies related to resilience show
individual characteristics, such as in
research conducted on research subjects,
namely children from an orphanage in
Sidoarjo whose results with individuals in
the high resilience category have the
characteristics of not giving up, trying to
face problems, being confident, and having
the confidence to become successful
people. Meanwhile, individuals who have
974 | Gratitude Can Increase Resilience in Adolescents Who Live in Orphanages
moderate levels of resilience tend to be
unstable in their attitudes and have ups and
downs in spirit. Individuals with low
resilience show that they easily give up,
avoid problems, do not have the
enthusiasm to get up and do not try to
become better as teenagers.
Resilience appears in line with changes
in life so that research related to resilience
has recently developed rapidly. Some
research on resilience, namely the research
of Connor & Davidson which explains that
there are five aspects of resilience, namely:
a). personal competence, high standards,
and persistence; b). self-confidence,
openness to negative affect and strong in
the face of pressure; c). positive acceptance
of change and good relationships with
others; d). self-control and e). spiritual
influence. Other research shows that
resilience can be influenced by the
presence of internal protective factors
within the individual, namely emotional
regulation, self-control, cognitive flexibility,
self-efficacy, empathy, and the desire to
seek new challenges
Spiritual influence has a role in
resilience, namely belief in God or fate,
related to religion, faith, which involves
transcendental values. Individuals who
have good spirituality will have feelings of
appreciation, joy, and appreciation for the
things that are obtained during life,
regardless of whether it is from God,
humans, other creatures, and the universe.
This shows that individuals who have
resilience will have good gratitude as well.
Adolescents who have positive feelings
of appreciation in their lives will feel more
comfortable in living their lives and have a
tendency to appreciate simple pleasures. In
addition, individuals who feel enough will
have positive feelings in themselves,
namely being satisfied with the life they live
and what they have. Adolescents will also
have good will towards someone or
something, as well as a tendency to act
based on the appreciation and good will
they have.
Adolescents with good gratitude have
strong beliefs about the higher purpose
and meaning of the universe and know
their position in a larger design and these
beliefs shape their actions and become a
source of peace for the individual.
When individuals experience problems
and challenges and can face life's
difficulties, seek social support from others,
interpret experiences from different
perspectives, have a plan to solve
problems, it shows that the individual has
high gratitude. Gratitude has an important
role in helping individuals to be able to
improve their abilities in dealing with
problems and finding the best solution for
their problems.
According to (Thompson Coon et al.,
2011)a professor and research expert on
gratitude from the University of California,
Davis; Gratitude that is done regularly is
scientifically proven to provide the
following benefits physically, including
having a stronger immune system, being
able to withstand pain more, lowering
blood pressure, exercising more and taking
care of their health more often, sleeping
longer and staying healthy. feel more
refreshed after all. While the psychological
benefits, namely being more alert in
dealing with problems and being more
enthusiastic, more joyful and joyful, and
happier, and finally the social benefits are
Bernadetha Putri Puspita, YuliaAyriza | 975
more helpful, kinder and more
compassionate, easier to forgive, more
friendly and easy going. socialize, feel less
lonely and isolated.
Research shows that resilience in
adolescents can be influenced by the
gratitude they have (Listiyandini, 2016).
Positive feelings such as gratitude, positive
thinking, receiving, and giving a sense of
happiness, are forms of gratitude and if
owned by someone will affect their
perspective to be more confident
(McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002).
Other research shows that gratitude has a
contribution to the formation of academic
resilience in students. The existence of a
significant positive correlation between
gratitude and resilience is also explained
that the average level of gratitude and
resilience increases with age.
Based on the explanation above and
previous studies, it can be seen that
gratitude is one of the important predictors
in increasing resilience in adolescents.
Research on resilience recommends
building resilience such as building
relationships with others, strengthening
adaptive skills and self-regulation, and
applying belief systems and traditions that
exist in culture and religion. One of the
traditions in religion is to be grateful for
what you have and are faced with.
Individuals who have the ability to deal with
stress accompanied by gratitude can
increase life satisfaction, decrease desire
for material things, and become
reinforcement in social relationships.
Gratitude is described by Lambert,
Graham and Fincham as a factor that can
overcome the effects of stress, especially
helping to re-appreciate a situation full of
problems to feel lighter. Cannon in his
research also shows that gratitude is one of
the differences between individuals who
have resilience and gratitude for victims
who are able to survive. Peterson and
Seligman (2004) define gratitude in a
narrower sense, namely a response of
gratitude after receiving something of
value both in the form of material and
moments because of the beauty of nature.
Emmons and McCullough define gratitude
as a concept of emotions, attitudes, moral
views, habits, personality, and responses to
situations.
In Watkins’ research (2004) found that
gratitude is one of the characteristics with
a sense of purpose such as integrity and
optimism. A sense of purpose is one of the
supporting factors of resilience, so it can be
said that gratitude is related to resilience. In
short, it can be said that it is gratitude that
helps individuals to face difficulties and
that is the ability of resilience. Cannon in his
research found that gratitude is related to
resilience.
The explanation above shows that the
role of gratitude is indeed very important in
the resilience of adolescents who live in
orphanages. The orphanage is expected to
realize that psychological factors are also
important to pay attention to in addition to
physical factors, so that teenagers who live
in wear and tear can have the ability to take
responsibility for themselves in dealing
with and solving problems or pressures
they are facing.How to Increase Resilience
Through the Importance of Gratitude
Based on the description above, it is
shown that gratitude has an important role
in increasing the resilience of adolescents
living in orphanages. The resilience of
976 | Gratitude Can Increase Resilience in Adolescents Who Live in Orphanages
adolescents living in orphanages can be
said to be good if it is supported by
increasing gratitude. Several events can be
carried out so that gratitude can be held in
a good category, for example by doing
gratitude exercises. Interventions or
methods that can be carried out
individually or in groups are among others
by conducting a Gratitude Journal,
Gratitude Visit or Gratitude Visit, Behavioral
Cognitive Approach by Miller, Raise
Therapy, Gratitude Bottle, and Gratitude
Amble or leisurely walks.
A gratitude journal is a method or
intervention that can be done by writing
and delivering a thank you letter as well as
keeping a gratitude journal. In this case,
what is meant by a gratitude journal is to
write in a youth journal about three things
that you are grateful for yesterday. This
intervention assumes that there are still
many individuals who focus on negative
things rather than positive things in life.
Focusing on things for which you are
grateful helps people to experience greater
life satisfaction and more positive
emotions, while building on human
strengths, such as gratitude and optimism.
A Gratitude Visit is a strategy based on
writing and delivering a letter of gratitude
and is thought to increase feelings of
gratitude in individuals. In this intervention,
the individual is asked to think of someone
whom the individual has never given thanks
or a special favor. Next, write the letter of
gratitude to the person to express
gratitude and appreciation for the benefits
received. Finally, the individual is asked to
send a letter of gratitude (directly) to the
intended recipient. This exercise assumes
that although individuals may express
gratitude frequently but often fail to
express the depth of that individual's
gratitude to others. This intervention aims
to encourage individuals to show gratitude
for the goods or things received.
Behavioral Cognitive Approach by
Miller, which allows individuals to learn to
be grateful through completing four simple
steps, namely: (a). identify ungrateful
thoughts, b). create thoughts that support
gratitude; (c) replacing ungrateful feelings
with supportive feelings of gratitude; (d)
turning inner feelings into action.
In this Japanese meditation technique,
one learns how to meditate on questions
related to gratitude, 'What do I receive?,
What do I give?', what problems and
difficulties do I cause others?. Gratitude
meditation is designed to help individuals
bring more gratitude into their daily lives
and motivate them to reciprocate.
This intervention is very possible to be
carried out every day or in a week as much
as two or three times. After some of the
interventions described above, there are
still many interventions that can be done
alone, in groups or by counselors or
therapists in realizing gratitude that plays a
role in the resilience of adolescents living in
rural areas. orphanage.
The grateful bottle is a simple exercise
that has a profound effect on individual
well-being and outlook. It only requires a
few materials, namely a jar or bottle, ribbon,
stickers to decorate the bottle or jar as well
as paper and writing utensils to write
gratitude notes. The step taken is to
decorate the jar or bottle as attractively as
possible, then fill in a note from a small
paper that has written down three things
that you are grateful for that day. This is
Bernadetha Putri Puspita, YuliaAyriza | 977
done every day. Over time, the individual
will find that the individual has a jar full of
many reasons to be grateful for what he or
she has.
If at any time an individual experiences
sadness or disappointment, he can open a
small collection of papers in the bottle or
jar about reminding himself of who and
what is good in that individual's life.
Gratitude Amble or a leisurely walk is to
take a leisurely walk accompanied by
clearing the mind with gratitude. This has
health benefits such as increased
endorphins that reduce stress, improve
heart health and circulation in the body,
reduce lethargy, and decrease blood
pressure.
The purpose of this gratitude journey is
to observe the things around that can be
seen while walking. By paying attention and
observing the natural surroundings, such as
the fresh air, the sound of birds, people
who are doing activities including feeling
the skin can feel the wind blowing, feet can
step on the ground, and so on. This exercise
will be more fun if done with a partner or
friend so that it can show appreciation for
being able to spend time walking together.
CONCLUSIONS
Gratitude has an important role in the
resilience of adolescents who live in
orphanages. Teenagers who live in
orphanages need the ability to survive, and
be strong in the face of obstacles and
obstacles as previously described. This
ability is known as resilience.
In resilience there are five aspects that
influence it, namely: a). personal
competence, high standards, and
perseverance; B). self-confidence, openness
to negative influences and strong in the
face of pressure; C). positive acceptance of
change and good relations with others; D).
self-control and e). spiritual influence.
In this case, adolescents who live in
orphanages must be able to accept all the
circumstances and conditions of their way
of life that has been given by God. In other
words, they must have the ability to be
grateful. Gratitude is a feeling of
appreciation, joy, and appreciation for the
things that are obtained during life, be it
from God, humans, other creatures, or the
universe. Gratitude in adolescents or
individuals is a tradition that is in a belief
and religion. This is what explains implicitly
that gratitude is a form of spiritual
influence in which spiritual influence is an
aspect of resilience.
Gratitude on the basis of religiosity
makes individuals or teenagers aware and
feel unworthy of the gift that God has given
them. This can be shown by carrying out
worship according to their respective
beliefs well and having confidence that the
life that exists today belongs to God, while
humans only need to live and be grateful
for the pleasures that He has given. This is
also supported by research. This is also
explained by Banerjee & Pyles, namely that
one of the protective factors that make
resilience is spiritual belief through faith.
Other studies have shown that
gratitude has a contribution to the
formation of resilience in adolescents.
There is a significant positive correlation
between gratitude and resilience, the
relationship between the two will continue
to increase as the individual ages.
Gratitude in orphanage youth can be
978 | Gratitude Can Increase Resilience in Adolescents Who Live in Orphanages
increased in several ways, including
through conducting a Gratitude Journal,
Gratitude Visit or Gratitude Visit, Behavioral
Cognitive Approach by Miller, Raise
Therapy, Gratitude Bottle, and Gratitude
Amble or leisurely walks exercises.
Gratitude for orphanages also requires
support from various parties so that their
resilience can be increased. Among them:
first, the orphanage itself must provide
scheduled attention and gratitude training
to the youth of the orphanage. Second, the
counselor who also cares about the
psychological development of adolescents
who live in orphanages by providing
counseling individually or in groups. Third,
the social service or government, which
also fulfills the psychological needs of
adolescents living in orphanages, does not
only fulfill physical needs. From the results
of this literature review, it is hoped that it
can contribute to further research with
other aspects that have an important role
in increasing the resilience of adolescents
living in anti-care dip.
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